Obesity Obesity And Obesity - 917 Words

Obesity, along with childhood obesity, has become an even bigger issue in the past thirty years and will continue to be a problem until it is better addressed. According to Sarah Muntel, 33.8 percent of the U.S population is affected by obesity (1). That is about one third of America’s citizens, meaning that approximately one third of Americans are suffering or will suffer major health problems aside from being obese. Amaya Mandel stated, â€Å"obesity is linked to several long term health conditions, premature death and illness including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, gall bladder disease, fatty liver, arthritis, and joint disorders and some cancers† (1). Therefore, if the people who suffer from obesity do not address the issue, they will likely obtain one, if not more, of these serious health conditions. Sugary drinks, advertising less healthy foods, limited access to healthy affordable foods, and increasing portion sizes, all play a huge role in obesity. However, t he question is, does fast food play a big role in America’s obesity problem? Fast food is always an unhealthy choice. Mandal aforementioned that fast food is high in calories, saturated and trans fat, sugar, simple carbohydrates, and sodium (2). One fast food meal takes up the entire 1,500 calories you are supposed to intake in one entire day (Muntel 2). For the American’s who rely on fast food everyday, they are eating way over the recommended daily calorie intake. That alone is dangerous for your health.Show MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Obesity986 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is one of the major health epidemics that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obe sity. OverRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity798 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity Close to over one-third of adults living in the United States are obese (Diet and Obesity). Unfortunately, one third of children in the United States are also obese or overweight. Obesity has grown throughout the United States and has led to major health problem and can even be fatal. About 365,000 or more people die every year due to obesity. With numbers increasing obesity should be furthered examined to help prevent these conditionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1442 Words   |  6 Pages5/13/16 Take home Project: Obesity Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? â€Å"Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk ofRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1318 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Epidemic Due to Fast Food or Something More Obesity is rising at a rapid rate here in the United States, especially childhood obesity. The obesity epidemic is one of the country’s most serious health problems. Adult obesity rates have doubled since 1980 from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood obesity rates have more than tripled. Is there a link in obesity and fast food eating? Are fast food restaurants to blame for our nation’s obesity issues? Or are we ourselves and our lack of knowledgeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to health risks and obesity, people are still putting unhealthy food into their body daily.   The United States has the highest obesity rate in the world by 6% and the government should be helping to lower that percentage (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Health/Obesity).   The best for the United States to help the obesity rate is by implementing a fat tax.   A fat tax is a tax on foods that are considered unhealthy and are believed to lead people to obesity.   The main way fat taxesRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned. Doctors often use a formula based on height and weight, called body mass index (BMI), to determine obesity. Children with a BMI over 21 is considered obese and over 18 is overweight (Arnett, J.J.2016). Adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered obese. Severe obesity, also known as severe obesity or morbid obesity, occurs when a BMI of 40 or more is present. With morbid obesity, there may be serious health problems. If children do not have enough activities, they will not be able to burnRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1413 Words   |  6 Pagescertificates, diabetes was mentioned as a cause of death (6). The Centers for Disease Control refers to â€Å"twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity, because obesity greatly increases the risk of diabetes, and the number of Americans who are obese has been increasing rapidly† (9). A newly developed term, â€Å"diabesity,† is commonly used to represent the close relationship between obesity and diabetes (8). Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is defined when the pancreas fails to produce a healthy amountRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And The Obesity2209 Words   |  9 Pages OBESITY in America As the world is growing day by day the problem of obesity is also increasing all over the world. Since from1980 to 2014, the obesity has risen two times as compared to the previous years. The obesity is related to the how much energy is left, but the most important cause of having the obesity is â€Å"dysbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure† (Nazarii Kobyliak 1). The obesity is the excessive fat in the body and it can cause to any age group form child to the oldRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity985 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity is one of the major health epidemic that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry ; there are several other factors leads to obesity.

How Should the Defence Power, S51, Be Interpreted in an...

How should the defence power, Constitution s 51(vi), be interpreted in an age of terrorism? The practical application of the defence power in an age of terrorism is difficult to determine, as it is reliant upon a set of circumstances that can have a plethora of different interpretations from a range of variant perspectives. Unlike some other powers, the defence power is purposive and elastic; it waxes and wanes, and its application â€Å"depends upon the facts, and as those facts change so may its actual operation as a power†[1]. Recent developments, such as the Thomas case, have led some theorists to comment that â€Å"the elastic of the defence power has become stretched all out of proportion†[2]. In its present interpretation, the defence†¦show more content†¦The act was then nullified by the High Court in the Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (the Communist Party Case)[14]. The Defence Power (section 51(vi) of the Constitution) was the chief foundation of power in support of both the Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 (Cth) and section 104 of the Criminal Code. The High Court ruled that the main principle of the defence power is the ‘protection of the Commonwealth from external enemies’[15]. The Australian Communist Party, constituted mainly by Australians, was a domestic organization. While the party was actively aggressive towards governmental policies, they did not have the capacity to be at war with the Commonwealth. This provision bore no relation to the defence power. The government’s actions were therefore held to be invalid. the scope of the power later grew to encompass the defence against a terrorist threat, as held in Thomas v Mowbray. Half a century later, in response to the September 11 attack, the Howard government created legislature on a sequence of counter terrorism measures. The similarity between the

Specisism Free Essays

In this essay I will try to clarify Singers essential argument and defend it against some common objections. According to Singer, Speciesism is a position similar to racism and sexism. Just as race discriminates against other race, and sexism against the opposite sex, speciesism discriminates against non-human species. We will write a custom essay sample on Specisism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specisists hold that only humans have intrinsic moral worth, and anything that is non-human has no rights and so for Singer, speciesism is not an acceptable position. He argues that because animals are capable of experiencing pain, and therefore have an interest in preserving themselves, they deserve to be respected and given rights. Singer is a utilitarian which means for him the capacity to feel pleasure and pain is the most important factor for moral consideration. If a being has the capacity to feel pain and pleasure, then Singer thinks we have a responsibility towards them.He rejects moral rights as inherent to every species and proposes that sentience is a requirement for status since he maintains most animals do not care about whether we kill them and use them for our own purposes: they care only about how we treat them when we do use and kill them. Just like humans, animals have interests of their own, a capacity for enjoying things and also for suffering.And â€Å"if a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration† (Singer 1975:79) Given the principle of equal consideratio n of interests, it follows that equal moral concern should be given to the suffering of animals as that of humans. â€Å"If only x and y would be affected by a possible action, and if x stands to lose more than y gains, it is better not to do the act† (PE, p21). If this is the case, then suffering caused to animals as a result of their treatment when we regard treating humans in the same way most count as ‘specisist` behaviour : the only difference between humans and animals is their species, and that has the same moral significance as race i. e. , none. Singer argues for this by pointing to variation among human.Of the characteristics that we say only humans share we always find that there are humans who lack those characteristics: â€Å"†¦ Humans come in different shapes and sizes; they come with differing moral capabilities, differing intellectual abilities, differing amounts of benevolent feeling and sensitivity to the needs of others, differing capacities to experience pleasure and pain.In short, if the demand for equality were based on actual equality of all human being, we would have to stop demanding equality. † The only one characteristic all human beings share that animals do not is membership in the human species. It is important to note that Singer does not mention animals when he speaks of the principle of equality or equal consideration of interests, but reminds us the principle is interpreted as giving equal consideration to the interests of all people.Firstly reminds us of the challenges we have overcome throughout history with racism and sexism have expanded our moral horizons which eventually includes the whole human race, and secondly, that following this to its logical conclusion, morality itse lf demands this extension since the basic principle of equality is a principle of morality. Once we go beyond a self-interested stand point to a moral one, we are bound to adopt the principle of equality and the logic of universality inherent in it. Singer is a utilitarian thinker. A basic objection to this is that the whole structure of Singers view is utilitarian, that on the one hand, it demeans our existence by saying happiness is the only thing of value in it, and on the other hand, it aims to maximise the total happiness, which allows the sacrifice of the happiness of a minority for the sake of the majority. So there are really two objections here, one to Singers account of value (that reduces all value to happiness), and the other, his account of morality (that makes the ends justify the means).Both of which are mistaken, the maximising theory of morality in Singers view does not depend on a maximizing account of morality at all, it depends on ‘the principle of equality` where he does not talk about value but only says that all sentient beings interests should be considered equally, and that the interests of a being in this case is in the reduction of its suffering, and that its total suffering is to be weighed against the benefits of all beings in volved. He does not actually claim that animal lives are equally valuable.Singer holds that animals suffer and like us they have interests, he views the specisist as holding a similar position as a racist or sexist. He considers them equal in the sense that they all think that they have a higher moral status simply in virtue of their sex and race. Each of the instances he describes when drawing parallels between sexism, racism, and spieciesism, the dominant group exploits or excludes outsiders indiscriminately in favour of its own members. It develops an ideology that justifies treating outsiders in ways that are to its benefit.Form this point of view, the analogy between sexism racism, and speciesism directs our thoughts to the human being as the dominating group that uses other beings for its own ends and not only beings that matter. The analogy is useful because it leads us to humans, not as the only beings who matter, but a dominating group that uses other beings for its own ends, furthermore, it raises questions about mere differences as the justification for differences in how much consideration to give others.Bernard Williams, however, defends speciesism in â€Å"The Human Prejudice† objects to Singers analogy, that speciesism is not like racism or sexism, and gives some reasons why this is so. The differences between normal humans and other non-human animals, let’s say, of equal size or shape, are much greater than the differences between people of different races, or between men and women.But Si nger has mentioned this, in his first edition of animal liberation he wrote: â€Å"There are many areas in which the superior mental powers of normal adult humans make a difference: anticipation, more detailed memory, and greater knowledge of what is happening, and so on. † So therefore the claim that speciesism is morally objectionable still remains unchanged by such arguments, because Singer defines speciesism as discrimination on the basis or species, not as discrimination on the basis of superior mental powers, even if those powers are processed by members of our species and not members of other species. According to Singer, Williams’ argument denies the analogy and resorts to â€Å"which side are you on? ’’ – Which is a question that echoes racial, religious or ideological conflicts which have arisen in times of war? This kind of question divides the world in to â€Å"us’’ and â€Å"them’’, the fact of this division demands us to us to transcend ethical issues about what the right thing to do is.Singer mentions another argument that has been made in connection to this in defence of speciesism: the claim that just as parents prefer their own children over others as a special obligation, so we have a special obligation to other members of our species in preference to members of other species. Again, the obvious case lying between the ‘family` and our ‘own`, points to race, ethnicity, etc. Singer gives a good example by referring to Lewis Petrinovich who says that our biology turns certain boundaries into moral impe ratives- and lists â€Å"children, kin, neighbours, and species. If the argument works at the smaller sphere of family and the larger sphere of species, then why not for the middle case: race. If race is not a morally relevant boundary, why should species be? It is tautological that the principle of equality should apply to sentient beings. There is much debate over what qualifies as sentient. What I mean sentient to be, can only be worked out in practise as with any other moral boundary. Man here has to be thought of as a moral agent as well as a moral object.I don’t believe we should justify our having a bias or prejudice in favour of human beings over other animals, I would consider it specisist to consider the interests of my own over other species, only in the strictest sense, but if this is the case, I would also favour my own race, religion, class, etc†¦ Our values are necessarily human values but we are not necessarily the only beings worthy of consideration. Nature sustains both animals and humans and for me, complimenting nature, at the very least, preserving it, is more worthy of consideration.Bibliography Practical Ethincs, Peter Singer The Human Prejudice, Bernard Williams How to cite Specisism, Papers

Better Business Bureau Protecting Consumers

Questions: 1. Which is the National advertising Divisions most important stakeholder, business or consumers?2. Do you believe the BBB can truly be impartial given its financial dependence on business?3. What actions would you take to ensure an ethical misconduct disaster such as the pay for play scheme does not happen again? Answers: Executive Summary In the business World it is very important to have certain tests and checks in place that makes sure that the open market preserves its truthfulness. Better Business Bureau (BBB) and National Advertising Division (NAD) are two such units of self-regulatory system that help in maintaining openness in the market. Better Business Bureau is one of the best known self-regulatory trade associations in the US. The Better Business Bureau was set up in the year 1912 and has over one-hundred and twenty independently integrated local organizations all throughout the United States and Canada. The function of this organization is to make sure that the marketplace stays moral so that customers and suppliers of consumer goods and services can ascertain trust in the market. The Better Business Bureau gathers data on a particular businesss dependability, aware the buying public of possible fraud, gives priceless insight into an organizations moral business practices, and works as a mediator between customers and businesses. Organizations that meet and uphold the Better Business Bureaus moral standards may be requested to get membership with BBB. Becoming a affiliate of the Better Business Bureau has the advantage of having an extra promotion point to promote to possible customers because the Better Busine ss Bureau is respected for sincerity and honesty. A good rating from the Better Business Bureau could possibly be the power needed to persuade a customer to buy your products or services (Rhee, 2015). Companies become the members of Better Business Bureau because the market has extra possibility to thrive if the consumers believe the businesses. Also, arrangement with the Better Business Bureau has the profit of representing to customers a businesss promise to carry business in a reliable marketplace. Members of the Better Business Bureau have the chance to associate with those in businesses related to their own and draw public from all over the World. Conversely, The Better Business Bureau, one of the countrys top consumer supervisory body groups, is being blamed of running a pay for play scheme in which good grades are rewarded to those businesses who shell out membership fees to BBB, and poor grades are awarded to those who dont. As result of this scheme, BBB rating system is not worthy of customers belief and trust. BBB system is potentially destructive and deceptive to consumers. Not only does this display a lack of poise in their products, it also makes it unfeasible for anybody to criticize about the Better Business Bureau to the organization. In addition to this, The BBB is financed by membership fee given by businesses All BBB system stakeholders include BBBs, corporate partners, agencies/vendors, Board of Directors, and consumers. The relation of BBBs stakeholder is chiefly with commercial businesses as these businesses adhere to BBB Accreditation system and consent and stick to BBs high standards. BBB offers, free business BBB reports, charity BBB Wise Reports, objective advice, BBB Reliability Reports and educational information on topics that affect market confidence. National advertising Division is a unit of self-regulatory system. The National Advertising Division (NAD) has the duty of scrutinizing and assessing reality and precision in nationwide advertising. The NAD looks at and assesses an extensive variety of advertising alleges, which include taste tests, consumer surveys, product demonstrations, pricing claims, puffery, disclosures and product testing. All the way through its exceptional window on the market, NAD recognizes hot matters in advertising and endorsement. NADs results help advertisers in foreseeing and reacting to the challenges that new media and new products can pretense. Introduction In this study we will study about two units of self-regulatory system, which are Better Business Bureau (BBB) and National Advertising Division (NAD). We will study about their duties and what can these units do to improve their services for customers. Main Body 1. National advertising Division is a unit of self-regulatory system. The other units of self-regulatory system are - The Childrens Advertising Review Unit, The Online Interest-Based Accountability Program, The National Advertising Review Board and The Electronic Retailing Self-Regulation Program. The National Advertising Division (NAD) has the duty of scrutinizing and assessing reality and precision in nationwide advertising. The NAD looks at and assesses an extensive variety of advertising alleges, which include taste tests, consumer surveys, product demonstrations, pricing claims, puffery, disclosures and product testing. All the way through its exceptional window on the market, NAD recognizes hot matters in advertising and endorsement. NADs results help advertisers in foreseeing and reacting to the challenges that new media and new products can pretense. NAD inspects advertising claims for a large range of products from Infant nutrition products to Cosmetics and Energy services. NAD also checks national advertising and inspects complaints filed by local Better Business Bureaus, advocacy groups or consumers. The most important stakeholder for the National advertising Division are its consumers, as, when an advertiser is making an ad consumes are his viewers. If customers wont buy the products then business wont exist, and the only function off business is to make customers. Consumer confidence and spending are important factors that help to determine business prosperity and economic activity. Consumers interests should be given foremost importance while designing and advertising the product, but unfortunately this is not always the case and many a times consumers are mislead by false and inaccurate claims by the advertisements, it is here when bodies like National advertising Division come into action and try to protect consumers. Yes, it is true that businesses supplies the resources for the National advertising Division, but it should be kept it mind that they do this only to make a positive image of their brand in the eyes of viewers. The advice from a consumer is significant to the a dvertiser it can be known if his message has been conveyed correctly or not. If a viewer feels that a particular advertisement makes false claims or is in bad taste, then thatthey can air their complaints to NAD who can in turn take suitable action, if needed. If the consumers would not care about the false claims made in the advertisements, then business would not invest in NAD. From this we come to know that NAD has come into existence only for the consumers, to protect consumers from the false claims that are shown in advertisements. However, it should be noted that NAD has no authority to pull advertisements that are unsuitable for viewers, and therefore has to depend on Government agencies to put into effect their decision. If a company fails to obey to the decision o NAD then that case is referred to the FTC, however there is no assurance that FTC will act in accordance with NADs suggestion. The FTC will independently investigate the case reported to it by NAD and will take its own resolution; hence, there are chances that a company which NAD referred might not get punished. 2. The BBB Standards for Trust are an inclusive set of top practices for how organizations should take care of the public in a reasonable and sincere approach. Each and every BBB recognized Business is supervised for enduring obedience to BBB standards. The BBB grade system is dependent on BBB file information about the said business. In a number of cases, an organizations grade may be lower in case BBB does not have adequate information about the organization in spite of BBB asking the business for the information (Neff,, 2011). BBB allocates letter grades from A+ (maximum) to F (lowest). BBB will grade business NR or "No Rating if information about business is insufficient. BBB Business Reviews usually give details about the most important features that lifted or lower the business' rating. BBB ratings are not an assurance of a companys dependability or presentation, and BBB suggests that users reflect on a business' rating in addition to all other accessible information concerning the business (Kerr, 2015). A business is entitled for BBB official recognition if it meets, in the view of the BBB, the "BBB Standards for Trust." This BBB grade system cant be truly impartial. The main reason because of which companies invest in Better Business Bureau is that they want good ratings for their business, if BBB will start giving ratings according to the true cerebral of the business then there would be no need for business to invest in BBB in order to get a good rating and thus no business will invest in BBB. Therefore, somehow it becomes important for BBB to give good rating to the companies that invest BBB, even though this practice is not ethically correct. It is common knowledge in the market that employee of BBB award higher rate to business that that BBB to endorse their rating and while gave lower rating to the business who did not pay. Many believe that BBB is operating a Pay-for-Play scheme in which organizations pay for favorable experience to their company. Using this scheme BBB also gives A rating to those who pay membership fees while giving F rating to companies who do not pay membership fee. An investigation has reported that to get higher grading organizations were asked to become a member of BBB, those organizations who agreed to the offer saw their grades changed the next day. Not only BBB is being accused of operating Pay-for-Play scheme and taking side of businesses that becomes its members, but Better Business Bureau is also blamed of being over friendly with the business groups. There have been some cases in which BBB is accused of taking additional information from the customers who came to BBB for complaining about services of a particular organization, BBB then sold this information to other companies in the industry without any knowledge to the customer (Collin, 2015). 3. Pay-for-Play scheme is a scheme in which organizations pay for favorable experience to their company. Using this scheme BBB gives A rating to those who pay membership fees while giving F rating to companies who do not pay membership fee. This scheme is a very unethical scheme which has given bad name to BBB in the market. This ethical misconduct disaster of the pay for play scheme happened because employees of BBB were offered 45 percent commission for each first year membership they sold. Moreover, William Mitchell receives a salary of $ 400,000 per year, which according to many was too high for someone working for a non-profit organization. There is one more ethical challenge which BBB has failed, but BBB is also blamed of being over friendly with the business groups, there have been talks about how BBB helped e bay in publishing three books and in that year itself won a BBB Presidents award for sustained superior performance. There have been numerous negative effects of pay for play scheme like BBB branch in Southern California, Los Angles are was expelled, loss of integrity and credibility of trust in BBB, consumers stopped trusting BBBM. It is because of all these negative effects that consumers have now started going to other similar sites like Yelp, Google review and Angies list (Dark, 2013). For an ethical misconduct disaster such as the pay for play scheme not to happen again we should first of all change the 45 percent commission incentive that employees of BBB get for the first year membership they sell, rather all employees should be have equal pay independent of how much deals they have made with other organizations in the market, salary of the head of BBB should be decided again and should be terms of head of other non- profit organizations. To ensure that an ethical misconduct disaster such as the pay for play scheme does not take place again, BBB should some potential resolutions, these potential challenges are it should show to the organizations and consumers that grading system is not biased and does not depend on whether a business or institution has paid its dues to BBB or not, BBB should provide matrices to the companies that outline how a companys rating is determined. For example X% of resolved issues = a certain rating for that particular part of the gr ading system, BBB should disclose to customers what information BBB is collecting, how is it used and it will affect them. BBB should follow a completely transparent policy and make some in its grading procedure and remove the section in which businesses are graded on the basis of their investment in BBB. It should also bring in a third independent party to help in reviewing process. Furthermore, BBB should again look into the cases of Wolfgang Pack and Ritz Carlton Hotels and try to again review them, this time not judging them based on the fact whether they are members of BBB or not. Conclusions From this report we can conclude that customers are the most important stakeholders in both National advertising Division (NAD) and (Better Business Bureau). Both of these organizations and business itself comes into existence only because of its customers, had there been no customers there would have been any business, it is because of this only that businesses have a responsibility towards customers, but unfortunately many of the businesses today forget all their responsibilities and business ethics when it comes to making profits. It is because of this mentality only that businesses invest money in BBB so that get their ranking improved, get a better image among customers and thus earn more profits. Bureaus like BBB which were made to help customers are also responsible for cheating customers as now they refrain from doing their duty as they are offered money. These organizations like BBB which are non-government organizations have now become money making organizations. NAD is als o an organization that inspects false claims made in advertisements, even customers can complain in this organization. Now the truth of BBB has come out and now it has become duty of BBB to improve its image in the market and take necessary steps for it and also change its incentive and salary structure for employees and also try to be as impartial as possible. Reference List Collin, C., 2015. Better Business Bureau. VermilionToday.com. Available at https://www.vermiliontoday.com/local/better-business-bureau-serving-acadiana-alerting-consumers-fort-lauderdale-fl-based-fmc [Accessed on January 2015]Dark, J., 2013, Better Business Bureau. Available at https://www.foxbusiness.com/topics/business/companies/better-business-bureau.htm [Accessed on January 2015]Kerr, D., 2015. Uber gets an F from the Better Business Bureau. Available at https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-gets-an-f-from-the-better-business-bureau/ [Accessed on January 2015]Neff, J., 2011. National Ad Division Goes After Retouching of Beauty Ads. Available at https://adage.com/article/news/national-ad-division-retouching-beauty-ads/231620/ [Accessed on January 2015]Rhee. J., 2015, Terror Group Gets 'A' Rating From Better Business Bureau?. Available at https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/business-bureau-best-ratings-money-buy/story?id=12123843. [Accessed on January 2015]Better Business Bureau News. Availabl e at https://abcnews.go.com/topics/business/companies/better-business-bureau.htm [Accessed on January 2015]National Advertising Division Of The Council Of Better Business Bureaus Claims. Available at https://www.rediff.com/tags/national-advertising-division-of-the-council-of-better-business-bureaus-claims [Accessed on January 2015]The National Partner Program. Available at https://www.bbb.org/council/the-national-partner-program/national-advertising-review-services/national-advertising-division/ [Accessed on January 2015]https://www.rediff.com/tags/national-advertising-division-of-the-council-of-better-business-bureaus-claims

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic hypothesis of the Oedipus complex is considered as one of the most controversial theories in the psychological school of theories in the world. The term Oedipus complex was because of the tale of the King Oedipus and the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles. It dwells on a prophecy whereby a young protagonist man is predicted to murder his father and wed his mother in unclear circumstances (Ahmed, 61). From Freud’s perspective, it is evident that young boys require love form their parents and with specific reference to their mothers all of which is a natural need for nurturing from the mother. In addition, Freud notes that young men unconsciously harbor hatred towards their fathers, which grows into wishing for the death of the father. Freud bases his theory on two portions of the mind, the conscious part and the unconscious part. In addition, he also noted that there was a preconscious part of the mind, which is responsible for the interactions between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind. In addition, he considers that the preconscious and unconscious minds form the smallest parts of the brain. He also considers that the unconscious mind is responsible for instigating man’s desires for cravings and basic things such as sex, food, thirst among others (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 11). From Freud’s perspective, he sates that man is born as an infant who has a pure id. This id is however corrupted and evolves to from wishes of which are unconscious for the growing individual. His views that the corruption of the mind is on the unconscious part could be termed as insufficient and baseless. This is because he states of the division of the brain into three parts, which are diverse in terms of functionality. However in essence the real brain is not divided in the claimed three parts of which he attributes the human traits such as desire, needs and wants. Hence, his claims could also be termed as assumptions or mere speculation as they are lacking. The lack of the three parts of the brain within any real human brain could be a clear illustration of the deviation those theories have had on the psychoanalytic schools of thought (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 34). Thus, his position when applied to man exercising free will could be described as fulfilling the desires of the unconscious part all of which is communicated from the unconscious to the conscious part by the preconscious part of the brain. Freud in efforts to convince people that man in essence has an already mapped out fate or destiny all of which is defined by the unconscious part of the brain and communicated to the conscious part of the brain for execution by the preconscious part of the brain all of which are unseen. Freud’s theories were usually explicit on sexual issues, which were considered as untouchable issues at that period. He considers that man does possess free will but is instead driven by the life drive, which is the desire to survive, and the death drive, which is the desire to kill or cease living. From such issues we draw a conclusion that man has fate or destiny which is already predetermined by the natural forces and more so the unconscious part of the mi nd. Hence, according to Freud man does not possess free will but is instead directed towards a fate. In relation to Liaus and Oedipus, they both were unaware of the presence of each other’s existence and were instead directed towards their fate by the unconscious mind. Hence, they both played their role towards the fulfillment of the prophecy. Furthermore, Freud adds that sex and its related actions are based on the unconscious part of the mind. This brings forth the question as to why consensual sex is mere based on unconscious reactions. Thus if so people would have sex with every other person. From such we are able to arrive at a conclusion that individual actions are made from free will as an individual is able to determine if an action is adequate and right before proceeding with the execution of the task. Freud’s basis on the ‘Oedipus complex’ is based on his theory that attraction or desire for the parent who is preferably of the opposite sex is usually a component in the developmental stage especially for younger male children at around the age of five years. In addition according to Sigmund Freud the behavior exhibited by people in society arises from sex and nature all of which are part of the unconscious part of the brain. In addition, the sex and nature or instincts are neurological messages of the physical needs of humans. Hence, in relation to the mythical story of Oedipus, the death of Liaus, Oedipus’ father happened because of his resentment for his father and coupled by the presence of a complex and unfathomable relationship between Oedipus and his mother. Hence, all of the incidences of the myth of Oedipus are edged on the fate and from such it is easy to state that man lives according to his fate or destiny (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 41). On the other hand, man does not have free will as his actions are based on sexual desires. He presupposes that man when born harbors only sexual desire of which becomes evident in maturity. He lays too much emphasis on sexual desires as the driver of man’s actions and more so his actions of social interactions with other people. This statement is insufficient, as man does not interact on a sexual perspective in day-to-day life. Hence, his conclusion can also be disputed by the modern day psychological schools and modern day medicine. Modern day studies indicate that infants and younger children do not harbor any sexual thoughts or feelings hence his claims that man possesses sexual desires while still in the mother’s womb as an embryo. Such claims are insufficient because his efforts are to convince the world that man has his behavior embedded within his mind. Hence, his or her sexual acts are merely out of the subconscious part of the min (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 49). Oedipus did not consider Queen Jocasta as his biological mother of who he was predicted to marry by the oracle but instead considered her as a potential wife to be as she held the throne. In addition, Oedipus’ encounter, which resulted in the death of his father who was the king, happened when both were unaware of each other’s identity. Thus according to Freud Oedipus’ murder towards a father of whom he was not aware of, happened out of resentment for the male parent. This is an insufficient statement as the tow Oedipus and Liaus were unaware of each other’s identity. In addition, from the same perspective his marriage towards a mother whom he did not consider was out of love for his mother. This is untrue because none of the two had any idea of each other’s identity. On the other hand, fate had a great role to play in the myth because Oedipus and Liaus visited oracles in efforts to avoid each other’s paths. However their efforts were in futility as the two eventually met and Oedipus after committing the murder did not have an idea of the identity of Liaus and if he was his father. Oedipus’ choice to marry a woman well older than him, edged out of free will and fate. Thus, Freud’s view that there exists a sexual attraction for people and their parents of the opposite sex is edged on mere assumptions. This is because Oedipus did not possess any knowledge that he was about to meet his mother in his path of adventure (Ahmed, 68). In conclusion Sigmund Freud’s theory could be considered as mere sexualized as he considers every actions within the human brain is as a result of the need to have physical fulfillment of specific actions. Hence, his theories are inadequate in that they fail to account for other actions by people, which are not based on a sexual perspective. This is because minute actions by people are influenced by their sexuality and sexual thoughts. Hence, the rest of the actions are undetermined. The same theories are also indecent because as an individual I do not consider my mother or father from a sexual perspective without any regard for my gender. Thus we act based on our needs to fulfill specific needs all of which must not fall under a sexual perspective (Ahmed, 70). Work Cited Ahmed, Sofe. â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus Complex: A Critical Study With Reference To D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†Ã¢â‚¬  Internal Journal of English and Literature 3. 3(2012): pp 60-70.Print. Ellis, Albert, Mike Abrams, Lidia Abrams. Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009. Print.

Suppletion Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Suppletion Definition and Examples in English Grammar In morphology, suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word, such as the adjective bad and its suppletive comparative form worse. Adjective: suppletive. According to  Peter O. Mà ¼ller et al., the term strong  suppletion is  used where the allomorphs are highly dissimilar and/or have different etymological origins, as in the adjective forms good and best. We speak of weak suppletion if some similarity is discernible, as in the words five and fifth (Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe, 2015). Examples and Observations Bad - worse is a case of suppletion. Worse is clearly semantically related to bad in exactly the same way as, for example, larger is related to large, but there is no morphological relationship between the two words, i.e. there is no phonetic similarity between them.(J.R. Hurford et al., Semantics: A Coursebook, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2007)Suppletion is said to take place when the syntax requires a form of a lexeme that is not morphologically predictable. In English, the paradigm for the verb be is characterized by suppletion. Am, are, is, was, were, and be have completely different phonological shapes, and they are not predictable on the basis of the paradigms of other English verbs. We also find suppletion with pronouns. Compare I and me or she and her. Suppletion is most likely to be found in the paradigms of high-frequency words. . ..(Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What Is Morphology? 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Good, Better, Best The forms good, better and best, which belong to the adjective good . . . show suppletion since the relationship between the morphs representing the root morpheme is phonologically arbitrary. It would plainly make no sense to claim that there is a single underlying representation in the dictionary from which go and went or good and better are derived. The best we can do is to content ourselves with listing these allomorphs together under the same entry in the dictionary. (Francis Katamba, English Words, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005) Origins of the Forms of Be and Go The Old English verb for be, like its Modern English counterpart, combined forms of what were originally four different verbs (seen in the present-day forms be, am, are, was). Paradigms that thus combine historically unrelated forms are called suppletive.Another suppletive verb is gan go, whose preterit eode was doubtless from the same Indo-European root as the Latin verb eo go. Modern English has lost the eode preterit but has found a new suppletive form for go in went, the irregular preterit of wend (compare send-sent). (John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005). Origin of the Term  Suppletion in Linguistics The term suppletion gradually makes its way into grammatical descriptions and other linguistic works in the late 19th century (Osthoff 1899; Thomas 1899:79). In grammars it was probably triggered by the preceding notion of a defective paradigm; e.g. if a verb lacks a form in a certain category, it is supplied by some other verb.In linguistic theory of the 20th century, suppletion came to be fully established as a concept with the advent of structuralism, where the relation between form and meaning as well as the understanding of paradigmatic relationships became very important for a synchronic language description. (Ljuba N. Veselinova, Suppletion in Verb Paradigms: Bits and Pieces of the Puzzle. John Benjamins, 2006) Etymology From the Latin, to supply, make up a whole Pronunciation: se-PLEE-shen

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example This study looks into the law of land as a branch of law that regulates dealings related to land. Land is defined as a physical portion of the earth’s surface and resources that are found above and bellow the surface. The definition of land also extends to rights that are associated with land. This document covers the facts of the case: connor, a landowner decided to sell off part of his land in order to ease his financial strains. He intended to use the income for developing the remaining parts of his land. He sold his farmhouse to Jane on terms that the firm house shall be used as a residential facility for a single family. Similarly, he sold part of the farm to Bullhorn Company on terms that any subsequent owner of the sold part shall develop and maintain a fence, the sold portion shall not be used for more than twelve dwelling houses, and that the property shall strictly be used for residential purposes. Bullhorn developed twelve independent residential units and sold then to different parties on the terms that the owners shall strictly use the property for residential purposes and shall pay a vendor some maintenance fees for upkeep of the roadway. Jane also sold her property to Oscar who has since established a business enterprise within the property. Alex, one of the buyers from Bullhorn has also been using his house as a bail hostel, a commercial initiative. As a result, other house owners have expressed their dissatisfaction and have refused to maintain their fences as well as payments for road upkeep. Legal issues Covenants Covenants are obligations that are derived from agreements between two landowners. While one party incurs obligations, the other party consequently derives a benefit to the covenant. The common objectives for making covenants include restrictions to the use of the pieces of land or prescription of outline to a development plan. A covenant may for instance control the manner in which a person can use his or her piece of land o r even the status of the landowner. Though the general rule imposes rights and liabilities on the original parties to a covenant, th