This essay explores the mutually beneficial commercial...

This essay explores the mutually beneficial commercial collaborations between the tobacco companies and major motion picture studios from the late 1920s through the 1940s. Smoking in movies is associated with adolescent and young adult smoking initiation. Public health efforts to eliminate smoking from films accessible to youth have been countered by defenders of the status quo, who associate tobacco imagery in â€Å"classic† movies with artistry and nostalgia. Both the entertainment and tobacco industries recognised the high value of promotion of tobacco through entertainment media. Each company hired aggressive product placement firms to represent its interests in Hollywood. These firms placed products and tobacco signage in positive†¦show more content†¦Product and brand exposure in films is the result of paid product placement, the provision of free products as props, or personal use by actors. Product placement implies a mutually beneficial relationship between the filmmaker and the manufacturer of the product. Initial contact may be made by the filmmaker seeking to reduce costs, increase income, and provide realism or it may be made by product placement firms seeking product exposure for companies they represent. Product placement firms have evolved over the last two decades to broker relationships between filmmakers and corporations. The usual procedure is for the product placement firm to receive scripts in advance of production from filmmakers and review the scripts for the possible use of products they represent. Normally this involves substitu ting a specific brand for a generic brand—that is, instead of â€Å"John meets Mary at a coffeehouse†, John might meet Mary at Curts Coffee. The integrity of the script is maintained, a touch of realism is provided, the filmmaker has an existing location for filming, and Curts Coffee receives extensive free exposure. The film cast and crew may also receive free lattes and muffins and possibly Curts Coffee mugs. The product placement firm receives its fee for making the placement, and everyone connected with making the film wins. While the tobacco industry has routinely denied active involvement inShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. 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Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesMoran All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007007922 ISBN: 978–1–59158–408–7 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk.) First published in 2007 Libraries Unlimited, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.lu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard

Professional Ethics - Social Networking - 1455 Words

1. In the Quon V. Ontario case, the police officers filed a lawsuit even thought they were not fired for the information that the police chief learned about their text messages. How, if at all, is someone harmed simply by another person reading private text messages? This case centered on the apparent right of privacy. DesJardin’s described privacy as â€Å"†¦important because it serves to define one’s individuality† (p.142). It is likely Jeff Quan did not give any indication to his peers of his outlandish sexual preferences, although he kept it private these character traits gave him is individuality. DesJardin concludes, â€Å"that certain personal decisions and information are rightfully the exclusive domain of the individual† (p.142).†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Colvin also surrendered his right to control of private information when he decided to participate on Facebook. However, Colvin situation differs from Swann and Leones because he did not post the incriminating picture, Swann and Leone implicated themselves. Additionally, Colvin’s misconduct did affect work performance; he lied to skip work and was caught. Although he did not provide the evidence himself, he should have been awa re of the possibility arising due to Facebook (esp. after going to a Halloween party, probably the most photographed night, as far as pictures on Facebook, are concerned). This all results in an employee’s awareness of what information is shared about them. If there is a relative risk of private information being publically accessed than the employee should take necessary steps to restrict the flow of personal information. A funny parallel: A friend of mine deleted everyone she encountered the night before to prevent pictures surfacing of the nights activities. As outrageous as that sounds, she did what was required to restrict private information from surfacing on Facebook. 3. In both the Swann and Leone cases the employers did not give the employee and option to explain or appeal their decisions. Should they have? In those instances, I believe due process was appropriate. They did not reveal trade secrets or detrimentally harm the company, they were just off hand comments any dissatisfiedShow MoreRelatedPrivacy and Computer Technology1813 Words   |  7 Pageswidespread, computer ethics are boiling down distinguishing what is good from what is wrong mentality. Everyones view on computer ethics differ, however all should keep in mind the value of ethics when making decisions that are ethics based. 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Analysis of Woolworth Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis of Woolworth. Answer: Introduction Now-a-days every investor perform the investment analysis before making an investment in the organization and it is important as failure to make such analysis will lead to undue risk and less return as required on the investment. Analysis or interpretation of the financial performance of any company requires reporting on the financial condition of the company in regards to profitability, liquidity, asset efficiency and other important market conditions that impacts investors decisions. Every investor wants that their investment provides them maximum returns with minimum risk but it must be noted that good returns are possible where there are some risk associated. In this particular report, financial performance of the Woolworth Limited has been evaluated in detail and this report has been provided to the directors of the company who want to make investment in the rapid growing Australian economy. For this purpose, ratio analysis has been performed for Woolworth Limited and in order to make the industry analysis, the competitor of Woolworth limited, The Reece Group. The main purpose of this financial performance report is to help the directors of the company in taking the wise decision regarding investment in the Woolworth Limited. Financial Performance of Woolworth Limited and comparison with Reece Limited Group In this segment of the assignment, various ratios have been calculated and their trends for year 2015 and 2016 have been noted to understand the increase or decrease in the performance during the year 2016. Profitability Analysis Profitability is the most important criteria for any investor to choose any company because if company profitability is in increasing trend than it will provide good returns and market price of investment will also increase providing required return on the investment. In this category, ratios like gross profit ratio and net profit margin ratio has been calculated to understand the profitability performance of the company (Sagner, 2010). Gross Profit Margin Ratio Gross profit margin refers to the revenue left after meeting all the expenses related to the cost of goods sold. Generally this profit is not the profit that has been hold for the equity share holders as there are other expenditures that need to be paid before arriving at the actual profit. All the ratio calculations are provided in the appendix section of this assignment. According to the calculation made the gross profit margin ratio the company has earned gross profit of 27.29% in year 2015 and it has been decreased to 26.85% in year 2016, reflecting the downfall of 1.60% in year 2016 (Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). The profitability position of Woolworth is acceptable but it is important to look over the change sin the trend and also requires to be compared with the competitor, The Reece Group. The cost of sales of Woolworth in year 2015 was 42,950 million dollars and reduced to 42,676.7 in year 2016. Same has also happened with the sale revenue of Woolworth Limited that causes the decrease in gross profit of the company in year 2016. Gross Profit margin ratio of Reece Limited in year 2015 was 32.98% and it got increased to 33.34% in year 2016 that shows an increase of 1.09% in the gross margin ratio in year 2016. So it can be said that profitability position of Reece Limited was better as compared to Woolworth or Vice Versa (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Net Profit Margin Net profit margin can is termed as the revenue left after meeting all the expenses related cost of sold, operating expenses, administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses and other expenses. It is calculated as net profit before tax divided by the net revenue of the company in the same period (Sagner, 2010). In year 2015, the net profit of the Woolworth Limited was 5.61% which was reduced to 2.34 % in year 2016. This overall decrease in net profit ratio is about 58.24 % in year 2016 as compare to year 2015(Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). So it can be said that there is decreasing trend in the net profit ratio of the Woolworth Limited. It can be seen that there was increase in operating and administrative expenses despite of decrease in revenue in year 2016 when compared with figures of year 2015. The net profit ratio of Reece Limited was 11.43 % in year 2015 and has increased to 12.30 %in year 2016 that show the 7.60 % positive trend in net profit ratio. So it can be said that level of profitability of Woolworth is not acceptable for the investment purpose because both the profitability ratios shows decrease in profit and increase in expenditures that will lead to more negative trend in profitability of the company (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Liquidity Analysis Liquidity analysis means short term capability of the company to pay the liabilities of the company. Current ratio and quick ratio are two important ratio used to calculate the liquidity of the company (Sagner, 2010). Current ratio Current ratio measure the normal liquidity position of the organization as it tells level of current assets to pay off the current liabilities. The current ratio of Woolworth Limited was 0.84 times in year 2015 and it remained almost same in year 2016. Calculations show that there is overall 1.12 % increase in the current ratio in year 2016. It can be seen that company was not able to meet up all the current liability expenses in both the years (Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). Current ratio calculations in regards to Reece Limited show that company has current assets of 2.02 times in year 2015 and it has increased by 1.20 %in year 2016 to 2.04 times. So it can be said that overall liquidity position of Reece Limited in much better than the Woolworth Limited in both the years (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Quick Ratio Quick ratio is absolute measure of liquidity position of the company as it measures liquidity through ignoring the assets that are not easily convertible into cash. Quick ratio of Woolworth was 0.30 times in year 2015 and it has increased to 0.33 times in year 2016 resulting increase of 7.29%. The short term liquidity position of Woolworth limited was worth in both the years as company has only 30 % of real cash to pay the current liabilities (Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). On the other hand, the liquidity position of Reece Limited was very strong as company has quick assets of 1.04 times in year 2015 and 1.08 times in year 2016 (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Analyzing overall liquidity position of Woolworth in year 2015 as well in year 2016 it can be said that liquidity position of the company is not acceptable despite of increase in trend. It is because as per ideal current ratio the current assets of the company must be between 1.5 to 2 times the current liabilities but it is less the current liabilities. Asset Efficiency Analysis Asset efficiency means how efficiently the resources of the company are being used to earn the revenue (Bull, 2007). Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory turnover ratio indicates the how many times the average inventory has been sold to earn the revenue. The inventory turnover ratio of Woolworth Limited was 8.82 times in year 2015 and 9.36 times in year 2016. It indicates inventory has been properly utilized by the company in year 2016 as compare to 2015 showing the increase in trend of 6.20 % (Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). On the other hand, Reece Limited has poor inventory turnover ratio in both the years that reflects that company was unable to utilize the inventory to earn the revenue (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Days Sales in Inventory This ratio provides inventory turnover ratio in days of year. More precisely it provides how many days company needed to turn all inventory into sales. In year 2016, Woolworth has taken 39.99 days to convert the entire inventory into sales whereas Reece Limited has taken 97.63 days to convert all inventories into sales (Annual report of Woolworth Limited, 2016). Overall analysis of asset efficiency it can be said that Woolworth has utilized its assets more precisely as compared to Reece Limited (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Long Term Solvency Analysis This analysis helps to check the capital structure of the company as well as it also check the leverage position of the company (Bull, 2007). Debt to Equity Debt to equity ratio shows the presence of overall long term debt as against the overall equity. Debt equity of Woolworth was 0.28 times in year 2015 and it further increased to 0.44 times in year 2016 that indicates company has become more leverage in year 2016 as compare to year 2015. On the other hand the debt equity ratio of Reece Limited was 0.17 times in year 2015 and it reduced to 0.12 in year 2016 reflecting payment of debt loan in year 2016. Debt to total assets This ratio provides level of debt as against the total assets. Overall analysis indicates that Woolworth contains satisfactory level of debt as against the total assets of the company. In year 2016 there is some increase in debt capital of the company. It can be said that long term solvency position of the company is acceptable despite of increase in debt capital in year 2016 because the level of debt was below 0.50 times of equity that indicates company is not highly leverage (Annual report of Reece Limited, 2016). Recommendations and conclusion On the basis of overall analysis I did not recommend to the company to invest in Woolworth Limited due to bad profitability position in year 2016 and poor liquidity position in both the years. References Annual report of Reece Limited 2016. [Online]. Available at: www.reecegroup.com.au/assets/Uploads/F2016-Reece-Limited-Annual-Report.pdf [Accessed on: 5 May 2017]. Annual report of Woolworth Limited 2016. [Online]. Available at: www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/investors/our-performance/reports/Reports [Accessed on: 5 May 2017]. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximize value and success for your businesses. Elsevier. Sagner, J. 2010. Essentials of Working Capital Management. USA: John Wiley Sons.

Lenses experiment Essay Example

Lenses experiment Essay I will set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. To decide which lens I am to use I will find the focal lengths of different lenses and us the lens that gives the easiest focal length to work with, this will be found out in my preliminary experiment.In this experiment I will be trying to prove my hypothesis, to do that the results that I obtain have to help me find the magnifications of different lengths away from the focal length. The object will be put on the focal point for the first result then I will measure the diameter of the object, this should always be 2.0cm, and then I will measure the diameter of the image. I will record my results into a suitable table; all of my results must be to 1 decimal place apart from the results for the magnifications, which will be to 2 decimal places.I will obtain results every 2.0cm and take four results so that I can take an average result for the object distance (U), for the width of the image and the magnification. I will obtain r esults every 2.0cm because the image size drastically changes at the beginning when moving it away from the lens just a little bit and less so later on when got past 2F(twice the focal length), therefore a small gap between results is vital or else when coming to make a graph of the results will cause major parts of the magnification change to be lost.I will choose a suitable range of results from performing the preliminary experiment.VariablesMy independent variable will be moving the object.My dependant variable will be the lens.There are two common types of lenses convex (converging) lenses and concave (diverging) lenses.As you can see by looking at these diagrams a convex lens can make a real or a virtual image and a concave lens can only make a virtual image. I am using a convex lens in this experiment so that I can measure the size if the image and to be able to do that my image needs to be real, but only a convex lens produces a real image. My image needs to be real because o ne cannot touch or project a virtual image on to a screen and to measure the image one would need to touch the image.Concave lenses are lenses that are thinner at the center than at the edges, bend light rays so that they diverge, and so produce only virtual images. The image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object; it is upright and is always diminished. The distance of the object from the lens controls the size of the image: the closer the object is to the lens, the larger the image.A convex lens is thicker at the center than at the edges. When an object is placed beyond the focal length of a convex lens, the lens bends the light rays from the object so that they converge and form a real image on the opposite side of the lens. If the object is placed within the focal length of the lens, however, an enlarged virtual image is formed behind the object, on the same side of the lens. In general, in this case, the closer the object is to the lens, the less the image is enla rged.These are descriptions of the two lenses and how they work, this will hopefully explain why I am using a convex lens and why I am not taking any measurements between the focal point and the lens, if not this is because it gives a virtual image and a virtual image cannot be measured.So I have hopefully explained why in my experiment I will use a convex lens, but I have not yet said why I believe the convex lens will cause the magnification of the image to decrease as the object moves further away from the focal point of the lens. So now I will do that.Here are some ray diagrams, the object in each is 2.0cm tall and the focal length of the lens in each diagram is 4.0cm.In the first ray diagram the object is between the focal point and the lens this giving a virtual image. This is of little use to me for I would not be able to measure the image in real life but I can explain why, the reason being one cannot touch or project a virtual image onto a screen, therefore I would be unabl e to measure the image for I would not be able to touch it. This is also a diagram of how a magnifying glass works.Ray Diagram 2 shows the object on the focal point, when constructing a ray diagram of this 2 parallel lines are given this then means that the image is magnified, but to an amount that one would find it immeasurable.Ray Diagram 3 shows the object between the F (focal point) and 2F (double the focal length). This gives a real, magnified and inverted image this is smaller that the previous one but one could easily measure it.Ray Diagram 4 shows the object on 2F this then gives a real, same size and inverted image. This should now indicate that as the object has been moved further away from the focal point the size of the images have decreased and when the magnification is worked out the magnifications should also decrease. This should now mean the any images after this should not be magnified or the same size but diminished.Ray diagram 5 shows a real, diminished and inver ted image, as I thought. Now if I work out the magnification for each of the diagrams they should gradually decrease.There are two ways of working out the magnification one simple way and one more complicated way, which is supposed to be more accurate. A ray diagram is not required for the complicate method but a ray diagram is required for the simpler method, so if the ray diagram is inaccurate then the answer for the magnification using the simpler method should in theory be as inaccurate also.Simple MethodMagnification = size of imageSize of objectComplicated MethodU = object distanceV = image distancef = focal length1=1+1f U V1-1=1f U VU-f=1Uf VUf =VU-fMagnification=VUUsing the Simple MethodRay Diagram 14.2=2.12.0Ray Diagram 2Unable to work out for I have no result for the size of the image.Ray Diagram 33.8=1.92.0Ray Diagram 42.0=1.02.0Ray Diagram 51.5=0.752.0As you can see from my results the further the object was from the focal point the smaller the magnification got.Using th e Complicated MethodUf=VU-fMagnification=VURay Diagram 12.04.0=-42.0-4.0Magnification=-42.0=-2Ray Diagram 24.04.0=04.0-4.0Magnification=0Ray Diagram 36.04.0=126.0-4.0Magnification=12.06.0=2Ray Diagram 48.04.0=88.0-4.0Magnification=88.0=1Ray Diagram 510.04.0=6.710.0-4.0Magnification=6.710.0=0.67From 2 different methods of working out the magnification I have got virtually the same results, which show the same trend that proves the hypothesis, moving the object further away from the focal point of a converging lens will decrease the magnification of the size of the image.Preliminary workApparatusIn the preliminary work I have to find out which lens I will be using and why I have chosen to use that particular one. I will want the one with the most easily manageable focal distance. I know that once that I have chosen which lens I want, I cannot change half way through the experiment without retaking the result that I already have with the new lens. It is crucial for my lens to stay the same and for my object to be the same size, or else the results will not work out because the images will be of different sizes not following with the trend. Therefore my dependant variables will be the lens I use and the object that I use. My independent variable will be the object distance because that will be the only thing as part of the experiment that I will be changing.MethodTo find out which lens I want to use I will have to find out the focal lengths of them, because I want the one with the most easy to work with and of a reasonable size.When I find out which lens I will use I will be able to find a suitable range of results and a suitable distance between each result.I will need the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. The reason I am using the sun as a light source is because the rays of light from a light source are not parallel until the rays of light have travel a very far distance and because the light source being the sun is very far away the rays of light will b e parallel. Only parallel rays of light will converge in a convex lens to give a focal point.When the light converges in the lens I will try to get a sharp dot of light on the wall, I will measure the distance from the centre of the lens to the sharp dot of light this will be the focal light of the lens. This is because the sharp dot of focused light is the focal point and the distance from the centre of the lens to the focal point is the focal length.I will record the result and decide which lens to use.Results from Preliminary ExperimentLens (thinnest-fattest)Focal length137.0cm224.0cm310.0cm49.8cm59.0cm65.5cm75.0cmI will us the 3rd lens with a focal length of 10.0cm, I am using this because it is an easy number and I can get a reasonable amount of results between F, 2F and 3F. So I will go up to 30.0cm and in intervals of 2.0cm. I will take at least 4 records per measurement and then be able to work out all the magnifications the work out the average results.Obtaining evidenceEvi dence obtainedThe object has a diameter of 2.0cmFocal length of lens/cmObject distance/cmDescription of imageDiameter of image/cmMagnification10.010.0IndescribableImmeasurable/10.010.0IndescribableImmeasurable/10.010.0IndescribableImmeasurable/10.010.0IndescribableImmeasurable/10.012.0Real, magnified inverted9.14.5510.012.0Real magnified inverted8.94.4510.012.0Real magnified inverted8.84.4010.012.0Real magnified inverted8.94.4510.014.0Real magnified inverted4.42.2010.014.0Real magnified inverted4.62.3010.014.0Real magnified inverted4.32.1510.014.0Real magnified inverted4.52.2510.016.0Real magnified inverted2.91.4510.016.0Real magnified inverted3.11.5510.016.0Real magnified inverted3.11.5510.016.0Real magnified inverted3.11.5510.018.0Real magnified inverted2.11.0510.018.0Real magnified inverted2.31.1510.018.0Real magnified inverted2.11.0510.018.0Real magnified inverted2.31.1510.020.0Real same size inverted2.01.0010.020.0Real same size inverted2.01.0010.020.0Real sam e size inverted2.01.0010.020.0Real same size inverted2.01.0010.022.0Real diminished inverted1.50.7510.022.0Real diminished inverted1.60.8010.022.0Real diminished inverted1.60.8010.022.0Real diminished inverted1.70.8010.024.0Real diminished inverted1.20.6010.024.0Real diminished inverted1.30.6510.024.0Real diminished inverted1.30.6510.024.0Real diminished inverted1.30.6510.026.0Real diminished inverted1.10.5510.026.0Real diminished inverted1.10.5510.026.0Real diminished inverted1.20.6010.026.0Real diminished inverted1.10.5510.028.0Real diminished inverted1.00.5010.028.0Real diminished inverted1.00.5010.028.0Real diminished inverted1.10.5510.028.0Real diminished inverted1.00.5010.030.0Real diminished inverted0.80.4010.030.0Real diminished inverted0.90.4510.030.0Real diminished inverted0.90.4510.030.0Real diminished inverted0.80.40Average ResultsAverage focal length of lens/cmAverage object distance/cmDescription of imageAverage diameter of image/cmAverage magnifi cation10.010.0IndescribableImmeasurable/10.012.0Real, magnified inverted8.94.4510.014.0Real, magnified inverted4.52.2510.016.0Real, magnified inverted3.11.5510.018.0Real, magnified inverted2.21.1010.020.0Real, same size inverted2.01.0010.022.0Real, diminished, inverted1.60.8010.024.0Real, diminished, inverted1.30.6510.026.0Real, diminished, inverted1.10.5510.028.0Real, diminished, inverted1.00.5010.030.0Real, diminished, inverted0.90.45AnalysisIn performing this experiment I have found that the larger the object distance the smaller the magnification became which was what I had hypothesised. Therefore my hypothesis was correct and I have proved it.I can see from the graph that as the object distance increased the magnification decreased. The magnification dramatically dropped from 4.45 at 12.0cm al the way down to almost half of that at 14.0 cm and the magnification being 2.25. This was at the beginning of the experiment but as the experiment progressed the decrease in magnific ation every 2.0cm became less dramatic.To see if there was any erratic behaviour between 12.0cm and 14.0cm I could have took a few more readings in this gap. And if there were no erratic behaviour in this dramatic drop this would then again confirm my hypothesis to be correct.From looking at my graph the only thing that surprise me was that there was such a dramatic drop in the first few results then they started to even out as the experiment progressed. I personally thought that the results would give an even decline in magnification between them but after the first result but it took about three results until they evened out.I got these results for several reasons. I know that a convex lens causes the magnification to decrease as the object is moved further away from the lens. This is because the size of the image decreases as the object distance is increased and when the magnification is worked out (V/U) the image distance decrease as the object distance increases giving a gradua l smaller answer when using the equation and the answer being the magnification.At the beginning of this experiment I had a prediction being, I hypothesise moving the object further away from the focal point of a converging lens will decrease the magnification of the size of the image. From getting the results that I did I can say that my hypothesis was correct and by looking at my graph I can easily tell that this is a true statement. I backed up my hypothesis as to why I thought it would be correct and now I can say that increasing the object distance will decrease the magnification when using a convex lens.EvaluationThe procedure used in this experiment was safe for nobody got hurt and it was fair because I kept my variables the same throughout the experiment.My results are of a reasonable standard it seemed pretty pointless to go any further in range, because all the results thereon would continue to decrease and from what I had done in the experiment I had proved the hypothesis , which was the aim of the experiment. No anomalous results are evident which improves the accuracy and reliability of my results.My results are reliable in the sense that there are no anomalous results, but how accurate are they? There is a way that I can work out how accurate my results are that is by a process called percentage difference.I will work out the percentage difference of the magnification for each different object distances.Object distance is 10.0cm% DifferenceCannot work out for I have no results.Object distance 12.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 4.45Furthest value away is 0.1 bigger0.1/4.45 x 100=2.2My results for 12.0cm are inaccurate to 2.2%Object distance 14.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 2.25Furthest value away is 0.1 smaller-0.1/2.25 x 100=-4.4My results for 14.0cm are inaccurate to 4.4%Object Distance 16.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 1.53Furthest value away is 0.08 smaller-0.08/1.53 x 100=-5.2My results for 16.0cm are inaccurate to 5.2%Obj ect Distance 18.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 1.10Furthest value away is 0.05 bigger or smaller+-0.05/1.10 x 100=4.5My results for 18.0cm are inaccurate to 4.5%Object Distance 20.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 1.00Furthest value away is the same0.00/1.00 x 100=My results for 20.0cm are inaccurate to 0%Object Distance 22.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 0.80Furthest value away is 0.05 bigger or smaller+-0.05/0.80 x 100=6.3My results for 22.0cm are inaccurate to 6.3%Object Distance 24.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 0.65Furthest value away is 0.05 smaller-0.05/0.65 x 100=-7.7My results for 24.0cm are inaccurate to 7.7%Object Distance 26.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 0.55Furthest value away is 0.05 bigger0.05/0.55 x 100=9.1My results for 26.0cm are inaccurate to 9.1%Object Distance 28.0cm% DifferenceAverage magnification, 0.50Furthest value away is 0.05 bigger0.05/0.50 x 100=My results for 28.0cm are inaccurate to 10%Object Distance 30.0cm% DifferenceA verage magnification, 0.45Furthest value away is 0.05 smaller-0.05/0.45 x 100=My results for 30.0cm are inaccurate to 11.1%As you can see my results become increasingly inaccurate as the experiment progressed but was completely accurate when the object distance was 20.0cm, which was in the middle of the experiment.I could have done this experiment with different sized convex lenses instead of just using the one type, but for this I would have needed a lot more time. I could have done the entire experiment on the same day because the weather on different days can affect the accuracy of the results and dependant on how focused I was on different days could have affected the results but by looking at the results I believe I was on the ball throughout the experiment. Instead of having results in intervals of 2.0cm I could have decreased this to 1.0cm or even 0.5cm. I would not go any lower than this for my accuracy to decimals would not be very accurate. Having a smaller gap between res ults would allow my to have more results to help me in my graph for at the beginning I do no know what is exactly happening in between the dramatic decline in magnifications.Two more possibilities when using the same basic equipment would to do more repeats because you can never have enough repeats and to have a larger range in results to possibly see if the magnification is ever equal to 0 or if the magnification eventually goes so far that the magnification stops decreasing.As far as the use of the apparatus goes I could have changed the odd thing realistically. I could have changed the light source from a lamp which is not a light source that gives off parallel rays of light I could have used a light source that gave off parallel rays of light for example the sun, but that would not be a very good thing to use in England because the amount of sunlight given off always changes according to typical English weather.

A Peoples History of the Us Chapter 5 Summary Research Paper Example

A Peoples History of the Us Chapter 5 Summary Research Paper Example A Peoples History of the Us Chapter 5 Summary Paper A Peoples History of the Us Chapter 5 Summary Paper A People’s History of the United States Chapter 5 Abstract Chapter 5 continues to cover the American Revolution, illustrates different views on the war, the American’s expansion into the West, and the continued inequalities of the poor and rich in the United States. At one point, in an attempt to draft men for the war, Americans promised soldiers distribution of land. This was very ironic and non-beneficial to the sailors, also known as seamen, a class of men they were trying to enlist. Zinn talks about differing views of the American Revolution throughout chapter 5 which, to and extent, divided the colonies. To explain how America was breaking their bondage from Britain, but only creating a new bondage between the upper and lower classes of the colonies, he states a quote from Richard Morris, â€Å"Everywhere one finds inequality the revolution did nothing to end and little to ameliorate white bondage. † (Zinn pg. 4) The lower class felt as if they were being treated unequally compared to the upper class because they were forced into participating in the war, while the rich were not. Edward Morgan sums up the class nature of the American Revolution this way, â€Å"The fact that the lower ranks were involved in the contest should not obscure the fact that the contest itself was generally a struggle for office and power between members of an upper class. † (Zinn pg. 84) The men who established the revolt were mostly members of the ruling class. For example, â€Å"George Washington was the richest man in America. † (Zinn pg. 85) The colonial elites used the Constitution as a means to solidify and legitimize the already established social ranks as the Constitution did nothing to create equality between whites, blacks, Indians, rich and poor. The American’s expansion into the West was continually met with opposition by constant conflict with the Indians. The colonists were trying to settle in lands that had already been promised to the Indians. These conflicts led to many disputes between the whites and the Indians.

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations As the British Empire began its process of decolonization and the creation of independent states from former British colonies, there arose a need for an organization of countries formerly part of the Empire. In 1884, Lord Rosebery, a British politician, described the changing British Empire as a Commonwealth of Nations. Thus, in 1931, the British Commonwealth of Nations was founded under the Statute of Westminster with five initial members - the United Kingdom, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. (Ireland permanently left the Commonwealth in 1949, Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949, and South Africa left in 1961 due to apartheid but rejoined in 1994 as the Republic of South Africa). Commonwealth of Nations Rebrand In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchy as simply the leader of the Commonwealth. With this adjustment, additional countries joined the Commonwealth as they gained independence from the United Kingdom so today there are fifty-four member countries. Of the fifty-four, thirty-three are republics (such as India), five have their own monarchies (such as Brunei Darussalam), and sixteen are a constitutional monarchy with the sovereign of the United Kingdom as their head of state (such as Canada and Australia). Although membership requires having been a former dependency of the United Kingdom or a dependency of a dependency, former Portuguese colony Mozambique became a member 1995 under special circumstances due to Mozambiques willingness to support the Commonwealths fight against apartheid in South Africa. Policies The Secretary-General is elected by the Heads of Government of the membership and can serve two four-year terms. The position of Secretary-General was established in 1965. The Commonwealth Secretariat has its headquarters in London and is composed of 320 staff members from the member countries. The Commonwealth maintains its own flag. The purpose of the voluntary Commonwealth is for international cooperation and to advance economics, social development, and human rights in member countries. Decisions of the various Commonwealth councils are non-binding. The Commonwealth of Nations supports the Commonwealth Games, which is a sporting event held every four years for member countries. A Commonwealth Day is celebrated on the second Monday in March. Each year carries a different theme but each country can celebrate the day as they choose. The population of the 54 member states exceeds two billion, about 30% of the world population (India is responsible for a majority of the Commonwealths population).

Soda tax in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soda tax in the US - Essay Example Statistics show that more than one third or 35.7% of adults in the US are obese and suffer from obesity-related conditions such as diabetes and coronary diseases. Obesity prevalence varies across different states whereby, in 2002, all states had a prevalence of more than 20% with the prevalence ranging from 34.7% in Louisiana to 20.5% in Colorado. Furthermore, the federal’s annual medical expense of obesity as of 2008 was $ 147 billion dollars (CDC, 2013). Prompted by the rise in obesity in the country, different researchers have hypothesizes different causes and suggested solutions aimed at mitigating the harmful social and economic effects of obesity. The soda tax is one such suggestion; however, not all agree on the possible benefits likely to result from the taxation of soft drinks. Whether or not adopting the soda tax in the US proves sufficient in reducing the obesity rate in the country remains a controversial issue for those for and against the tax policy. Proponents for the tax base their argument on credible research findings, which indicate that taxing soft drinks reduces high caloric intake minimizing an individual’s probability of developing obesity. First introduced as an abstract idea by the Director of Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity (RCFPO) Kelly D. Brownell in 1994, the soda tax aimed to improve public health while simultaneously raise revenue in the US economy. Later studies done in Yale University by the RCFPO in 2011 indicated that a penny-per-ounce levy on soft drinks would function to reduce consumption by 13%, which resulted in the elimination of 8,000 calories from a regular, American’s diet annually.... inancial implication of obesity as a reason for taxing soft drinks, which many researchers have hypothesized as one of the leading causes of obesity in the US. Revenue generated from taxing soft drinks proves beneficial for the federal and state governments whereby, governmental officials can use the funds to offset financial deficits in the budget. A survey done by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services in 2012 indicated that taxing soft drinks would generate revenue of $ 14.9 billion dollars within the first fiscal year alone (Fletcher et al, 2010). Conversely, those against the tax policy sight poor lifestyle habits such as living a sedentary life and poor nutrition (high cholesterol diet) as major causes of obesity, which if not addressed would render taxing soft drinks inefficient in minimizing the obesity rate within the country. Research done by Fletcher and colleagues in 2009 aimed at examining the impact of fluctuating soda tax in different states on body mass index (BMI) revealed that soft drinks consumption accounted for 7% of total energy intake. They concluded that if taxed at the average taxation rate of tobacco (58%) the mean BMI of the US population would only decrease by 0.16 points reducing obesity in the population by 0.7% (Fletcher et al, 2010). This showed that soft drink taxes’ influence on BMI is minimal and does little to decrease obesity in the population. Furthermore, those against this policy are of the opinion that taxation of soft drinks does not limit their accessibility because many are willing to spend more money for their preferred luxury items such as soft drinks. In conclusion, it is apparent that both the public and the government stand to benefit from the soda tax. Taxing soft drinks generates revenue for the government,

Case Study Discuss the pathpyysiology of Myelofibrosis Essay

Case Study Discuss the pathpyysiology of Myelofibrosis - Essay Example This disease is characterized by fibrosis and sclerosis of bone marrow. To compensate for the hematopoietic cell population, extramedullary hematopoiesis takes place in the spleen, accounting for the massive enlargement of the spleen. This disease occurs predominantly in subjects over the age of 54 years. The bone marrow fibrosis is the hallmark of pathological findings in such cases, where extensive fibrosis with resultant peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis is expected as a typical histopathologic picture on bone marrow biopsy (Tefferi, 2000, p. 1255-1265). This clinically heterogeneous group of diseases stems from clonal proliferation of stem cell origin and is characterized at least initially by marrow hypercellularity with varying degrees of marrow fibrosis and an increase in the production of one or more terminally differentiated cell types. These differentiated elements may accumulate in the bone marrow, in the peripheral blood, and in other organs, such as, spleen. All these diseases demonstrate a variable tendency to undergo disease progression that may terminate in bone marrow failure or in transformation to an acute phase malignant disease. The evaluation of bone marrow histology holds an important role in defining the pathology of this disease, by mainly ruling out unsuspected pathology. The pathologic changes are subtle until the disease has progressed, and therefore, classification of these disorders benefits from the integration of the morphologic features with clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic findings. Of major impo rtance is the presence or absence of Philadelphia chromosomes (BCR/ABL or translocation9;22). This group of diseases constitutes the classical group of BCR/ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The disease is regarded as one of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Recently considerable progress has been made in understanding its pathogenesis, although this has yet to result in significant therapeutic advances. Indeed, its prognosis remains poor when compared to other BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders with death resulting from cardiac failure, infection, hemorrhage, and leukemic transformation (Barosi, 2003, p. 1211-1226). Hemapoetic Components It has been appreciated for many years that MF is a clonal disorder and that the disease arises from the proliferation of malignant pluripotential stem cells. Recently, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), there is evidence that both B and T cells can be involved, while karyotypic analysis has shown that the stromal proliferation is polyclonal, or reactive, and not part of the underlying clonal hematopoiesis. An increased number of circulating hematopoietic precursors, including pluripotent and lineage restricted progenitor cells is a feature of MF and is likely to result from the proteolytic release of stem cells from the marrow. It is also possible that the spleen and liver contribute to the circulating progenitor pool as splenectomy temporarily normalizes levels. The high level of circulating progenitor cells is reflected in the significantly increased peripheral

Cat in the Rain Essay Example for Free

Cat in the Rain Essay Cat in the Rain is a short story about an American couple on vacation to Italy. They are in their first year of marriage. The husband has a dismissive attitude towards the wife and the wife always wants more. In the story the couple has a lot of selfishness going on in their relationship. The husband ignores his wife’s needs and the wife and the wife is not satisfied with her husband. The theme of this story has a lot to do with loneliness in the couples’ relationship. In this story the American couple is trapped in their hotel room with nothing to do because of the raining weather. The husband wants to read and ignore his wife. So the wife is looking out the window and sees a cat crouched from the rain. She wants to go downstairs and get the cat. She tells her husband about it and he shrugs it off. The wife goes down herself and the story talks a lot about how she likes the inn keeper. I find that this part of the story most affected me when the husband ignored his wife’s wants and needs. She really wanted that cat because it was something for her to do and feel good about. Her husband obviously doesn’t satisfy her which makes her feel lonely and the cat would keep her company. The wife in this story wants to feel appreciated and loved like any other woman would. Being married for their first year is beginning to be hard for them. Hemingway tries to tell about a first marriage of a couple he once knew and how hard it is for some to always keep that happiness. Couples always have disagreements but should never feel alone. A husband should not ignore his wife’s needs and in this story that is what he does instead of trying to satisfy his wife. Close to the ending of this story the wife was not able to find the cat. She came back in the hotel room very sad. She tries to tell her husband but he does not listen. She starts complaining about what she wants to change about herself. She wants â€Å"her hair to be long so she can brush it† and she wants a cat. The husband can only say that he likes things the way they are. He tells her to shut up. He does not care what the wife’s needs are or what she wants. He does not want to listen and he just wants to read which is what he wishes she would do. This part of the story really interested me because I could not get as to why the husband doesn’t respond to what she asks for. The wife desperately wants attention and he is not giving it to her. The story of the American couple explains a lot about how the wife tries to get attention from the husband. Hemingway talks about a cat but behind that cat this story means more. The lack of attention her husband gives her may make her feel that she is restricted on expressing herself and keeps most of her feelings inside. The cat stays compact to stay dry outside, which is how the wife feels she has to be with her husband to make him happy. She hides herself constantly from him. In this story it relates to her as American wife and never tells her name. This kind of says that she is nothing but an American wife which is exactly how she feels. Hemingway had a unique way of telling the story but the way he told it had a lot of meaning to it. He showed the couples loneliness in a different way.

Patrons Of A Singles Bar :: essays research papers

PATRONS OF A SINGLES BAR   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One only needs a singles bar to examine a unique cross section of life. These interesting varieties of individuals, give an impression of how a singles bar can effect morality. Such a place also vindicates compatibility and has a sociable aura. This kind of bar is generally a place to gather and discuss nightly activities, a hot spot for the lonesome, and a turf for the inebriated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Giving directions to everyone incorporated with the happening events of the evening, can be a difficult task. Most individuals use a familiar singles bar as a standard meeting place. From this point, getting a drink while wasting time for a later event; or even planning further activities is possible. In edition, such a convivial location promotes functions in the local area, similar to the showing of Monday Night Football on a big screen TV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A common individual, who is always among the population at a singles bar, is a lonesome person. They attend such a bar to escape from the feeling of being alone. Going to a singles bar gives this type of isolated public figure a better opportunity to communicate with others. In edition, a desolate may feel the need to be liked. They will repeatedly attend such eligible places to come in contact with a compatible companion or simply to meet new people. For this individual, going to a singles bar merely relieves the everyday stresses of being forlorn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another collective group of individuals that are known to frequent single bars, are those who are there simply to imbibe alcohol. Although it is not an impressive situation or in itself a pretty picture, it is fact that there is a percentage of persons who are present solely for the purpose of getting drunk. The main incentive why alcoholics are lured to a singles bar is for the drink specials. These distilled beverage bargains are supposed to be encouraging to those who are trying to pick up a date; yet, the specials seem to be the most enticing to the heavy drinkers.

Cultural Problems in International Business

Martinez Construction Company in Germany – Cultural Problems 2. 2. 1 PROBLEMS Cultural barriers to integration The considerable differences between the Spanish and German business practices could have been diminished through a sound pre-assesment made by Martinez Co. Since this understanding process was not pursued, a cultural conflict occured which may significantly hinder the processes of strategic and operational management of the two companies as a whole. The most important barriers of cultural dimension include: Barriers to cultural integration| Suggestion for limiting the impact| 1. Cultural shock’ as a consequence ofstrong cultural diversity of companiesconstituting a holding group;| Cultural transformation, respectingcultural values and customs of a targetcountry. | 2. ‘Cultural maladjustment’ of boardmembers delegated by a parent company;| Management through values, systems formonitoring social feelings of the targetcompany. | 4. Management style d ifferencesbetween companies. | Management through goals as a basisfor work appraisal of the managementpersonnel and employees| Financial issues Martinez Co. ’s representatives are involved in a process of Merger and Acquisition which they discover gradually.This means that they have allowed themselves to be unaware of the exact risks and implications, especially from the financial point of view, from the moment they accepted a contract that did not contain enough information related to this topic. Now they are facing unpredicted expenses, and the possibility of new ones to occur cannot be excluded. Ensuring that an acquisition is a good fit, not only on paper, but as an integrated business, calls for going beyond traditional financial assessments, to detailed value analysis, especially within an international business context. As Treuhandanstalt rushed the process and Martinez Co. imply went with the flow, requirements that should have been included in the contract are now th reatening the Spanish company’s financial capacities. 3. 2 Causes of the problems The problem regarding cultural contradiction became difficult to cross due to the following errors: -Martinez representatives’ did not make an appropriate due diligence as no research regarding business practices in Germany had been made. Juan Martinez was sent to conduct negotiation just because he was genuine and had a practical thinking, but his lack of information proved to have a great negative impact on the deal obtained. Their reasoning to expand in Germany is poor. Diego Martinez took into account only the fact that Germans enjoy Spanish atmosphere and often choose Spain as a target market for business. On the other hand, they did not take into account that differences in leadership approach and culture in general can affect their interest. It is very important to be aware that if companies from a specific country conduct successful affairs in your country, it does not necessarily mean that you will benefit from the same success there. The financial problem occurred mainly because some of the steps within negotiating the merger were skipped.Firstly, Martinez accepted to sign a contract without enough details about Konstrukt’s financial position. They requested, indeed, a Phase Contract which made Germans unclear and, moreover, gave them little perspective about future financial risks. In fact they bought a company without knowing exactly what they are getting. The second main contribution to the synergy’s financial issues was brought by Treuhandanstalt. Although THA must have focused on evaluating the firms, especially their financial soundness and the cost for the buyer, it had, in this case, as main concern the speed of transaction.Therefore, they pressured Martinez during this process, without focusing on future risks and arrangements for upgrade. 3. 3 Negative effects that occur If problems will not be solved The cultural dissonance will ha ve the following consequences: * Management will face severe problems in providing incentives for employees, therefore their productivity will go downwards; * Employees will become confused about their role in the company so their lack of initiative and responsibility will worsen.In addition, this synergy attempt will face challenges caused by financial problems: * The plans of stability and progress will be severely hampered in the case of Martinez Co. ; if they fail now, they will find it extremely hard to expand even on another foreign market (a financial fiasco would make Martinez unconfident and the idea of international expansion would definitely be seen as a peril). * Company might become insolvent if the new expenses emerged are not handled at time and properly. 3. SOLUTIONSCultural barriers – a first solution would be to map out the chain of command (employees must understand their exact role in the company and must be informed about the participative leadership appr oach specific to the Spanish company) –communication based * Strategic focus – agree on the goal (â€Å"enrichment†) and find the right cultural approach to achieve it ( certainty needed, more like Germans) * Mix useful elements from both cultures in such manner that leadership and employees can move together towards their goal ( keep the† all about work policy† but make them involve in decision making through incentives) Financial issues Cash injection , as expense on regulations is compensated by the opportunities offered on this new market ( raw materials at hand, low wages required and brown field investment advantages) *Assess the co’ future growth rate and profitability in order to understand if the acquisition is a good option * Require a renegotiation of the contract, which should imply these extra- expenses. 4. CHOOSING the OPTIMAL SOLUTION . Culture – Mix useful elements from both cultures in such manner that leadership and em ployees can move together towards their goal ( keep the† all about work policy† but make them involve in decision making through incentives) * b. Financial – Assess the co’ future growth rate and profitability in order to understand if the acquisition is a good option ( discuss with third parties and experts) . IMPLEMENTING the OPTIMAL SOLUTION a. Communication: employees must be informed about policies adopted, about their role exactly. This way, they will be less inclined to reject the new management and their approach. b. Studies of the market ( it has potential since raw materials are available an also is labor) , discussion with experts and third parties.

Contingency Planning for a Healthcare Provider Essay

In this paper can be found a generic contingency plan for the health care industry, this paper shows how quickly things can change for health care providers, and what steps that need to be taken in case of a down ward spiral for the provider. This paper explains the seven steps of a contingency plan in detail to achieve maximum effectiveness. In this case, the contingency plan is for a surgical center. Contingency Planning for the Health Care Provider Background In this paper can be found a generic contingency plan for the health care industry, this paper shows how quickly things can change for health care providers, and what steps that need to be taken in case of a down ward spiral for the provider. This paper explains the seven steps of a contingency plan in detail to achieve maximum effectiveness. In this case, the contingency plan is for a surgical center, (The Author, 2014). Practice Overview There are many ways contingency planning can be defined. Contingency planning are steps, procedures, and policies for management that are created to keep business operations on track running and/or to restore them as well possibly during disaster or system failure. Disaster recovery is a number of processes that only pays attention to the processes of recovery. As defined by the Department of Health and Human Services, a contingency /disaster recovery plan is a strategic measure taken if there is a malfunction in a business product or if there is disaster such as flood, or fire or if things don’t go according to plan, (DHHS, n.d.). Contingency is just one part of a  large process for emergency preparedness that includes disaster recovery planning, business practices, and operational continuity. What is also often involved in repairing for such events are processes at a level of organizational processes and implementing policies that may require plans that are numerous and properly prepared for, recover from, respond to, and continue events that impacted by continued activities. What must also be considered by project managers are the disruptions and impacts of the plan, concurrently with organizational policies and standards, for such events. As part of a comprehensive risk management approach, a manager should identify threats and potential vulnerabilities for contingency planning and then he should implement approaches to limit potential impact or to prevent such incidents from happening, (DHHS, 2014). Contingency planning involves seven key factors to success. 1. Identify any regulatory requirements that involve contingency planning. Create a formal contingency planning policy statement. 2. Conduct a business impact analysis to recognize business processes and components, and systems that are critical to contingency planning. Mention the priorities to recovery and include impact events. 3. Identify and implement preventative controls and measures to increase availability, decrease the disruption effects, and reduce the cost of contingency. 4. Develop recovery strategies that make sure if something doesn’t go according to plan or if there is disaster, infrastructure critical systems and business can recover fast. 5. Develop contingency plans that include precise procedures and guidance for recovery from disruptions. 6. Plan testing, training, and exercises to practice and test contingency plans so that if there are and unfilled gaps or holes in the plan they could be filled. Also to make sure recovery personnel is prepared just in case of disruptions. 7. Maintain contingency plans. Update and add new factors to them to show the changes in the factors that influence them. The development of contingency planning is essential to implementing and developing an emergency preparedness program that is comprehensive. According to NIST, there are five main components of contingency plan. Best Practices 1. Concept of operations 1. Notification and activation 2. Recovery of operations 3. Reconstitution of normal operations 4. Supporting information as part as the plans appendices If success is wanted for contingency planning, it is essential for stakeholders to regularly re-look parts of operational importance. The types of contingency plans that should be included are, 1. Business continuity plan 2. Business recovery plan 3. Continuity of operations plan continuity of support plan 4. Crisis communications plan 5. Cyber incident response plan 6. Disaster recovery plan 7. Occupant emergency plan Conclusion In conclusion, contingency plans are created to protect responses to any disruptions or anything that may impact regular operations. The information the plans contain, the types of plans, and the responses all depend on the following factors, risk that a particular type of disruption may occur, resource availability to respond to different types of disruptions, organizational response capabilities, and readiness to deal with any type of disruption(DHHS, n.d.). References DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES(n.d.) ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE LIFE CYCLE FRAMEWORK Contingency Plan HHS EPLC Practice Guide Contingency planning. How to plan for disasters. Author Delisio ER http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.cecybrary.com/eds/detail?vid=2&sid=2bc0c2e0-b744-443†¦

Income Inequality essays

Income Inequality essays Income inequality in the United States remained relatively stable for a period of nearly forty years. Beginning in the 1970s, however, this period of stability ended, as the first signs of widening income inequality became apparent. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, an increasingly clear trend toward greater income inequality emerged. By the end of the 1980s, the top 20 percent of workers were receiving the largest share of income ever recorded by government figures, and the bottom three fifths were receiving the lowest shares ever recorded. This trend has continued into the 1990s and currently shows no signs of decline. When the indicators of growing inequality were first observed in the 1970s, some researchers argued that the effects were merely temporary artifacts of short-term labor market disturbances. By the end of the 1980s, however, a long-term trend towards increasing inequality had clearly emerged, pointing instead to inflexible changes in the occupational structure itself. The new occupational structure appeared to be one with an increase of well-paid technical, scientific, and professional jobs at the top, a sliding middle class, and a growing poorly-paid service and retail jobs at the bottom. Several important labor-force changes appeared to be contributing to the shifting occupational structure. As occupational reconstructing and growing income inequality became increasingly evident, a heated debated as to the causes and magnitude of these changes arose. Two dominant bodies of thought emerged around the issue: the job-skill mismatch thesis and the polarization thesis. Mismatch theorists argue that there is an increasing distance between the high skill requirements of post-industrial jobs and the inadequate training and mediocre qualifications of workers. They see the post-industrial economy leav ...

Biography of Lydia Maria Child, Activist and Author

Biography of Lydia Maria Child, Activist and Author Lydia Maria Child, (February 11, 1802–October 20, 1880) was a prolific writer and fervent activist for womens rights, Native American Rights, and abolition. Her best-known piece today is the homey Over the River and Through the Wood, but her influential anti-slavery writing helped sway many Americans toward the abolitionist movement. Fast Facts: Lydia Maria Child Known For:  Prolific author and activist for abolition, womens rights, and Native American rights; author of Over the River and Through the Wood (A Boys Thanksgiving Day)Also Known As:  L. Maria Child, Lydia M. Child, Lydia ChildBorn:  February 11, 1802 in Medford, MassachusettsParents: David Convers Francis and Susanna Rand FrancisDied: October 20, 1880 in Wayland, MassachusettsEducation: Educated at home, at a local dame school, and at a nearby womens seminaryAwards and Honors: Inducted into the  National Womens Hall of Fame (2007)Published Works:  Over the River and Through the Wood, Hobomok, The Rebels, or Boston before the Revolution, Juvenile Miscellany magazine, An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called AfricansSpouse: David Lee ChildNotable Quote: I was gravely warned by some of my female acquaintances that no woman could expect to be regarded as a lady after she had written a book. Early Life Born in Medford, Massachusetts, on February 11, 1802, Lydia Maria Francis was the youngest of six children. Her father David Convers Francis was a baker famous for his Medford Crackers. Her mother Susanna Rand Francis died when Maria was 12. (She disliked the name Lydia and was usually called Maria instead.) Born into Americas new middle class, Lydia Maria Child was educated at home, at a local dame school, and at a nearby womens seminary. She went to live for some years with an older married sister. First Novel Maria was especially close to and influenced by her older brother Convers Francis, a Harvard College graduate, Unitarian minister, and, later in life, a professor at Harvard Divinity School. After a brief teaching career, Maria went to live with him and his wife at his parish. Inspired by a conversation with Convers, she took up the challenge to write a novel depicting early American life. She finished it in six weeks. This first novel, Hobomok, has never been honored as a literary classic. The book is remarkable, however, for its attempt to realistically portray early American life and for its then-radical positive portrayal of a Native American hero as a noble human being in love with a white woman. New England Intellectual The publication of Hobomok in 1824 helped bring Maria Francis into New England and Boston literary circles. She ran a private school in Watertown where her brother served his church. In 1825 she published her second novel, The Rebels, or Boston before the Revolution. This historical novel achieved new success for Maria. A speech in this novel, which she put into the mouth of James Otis, was assumed to be an authentic historical oration and was included in many 19th century schoolbooks as a standard memorization piece. She built on her success by founding in 1826 a bimonthly magazine for children, Juvenile Miscellany. She also came to know other women in New Englands intellectual community. She studied John Lockes philosophy with activist Margaret Fuller and became acquainted with the Peabody sisters and Maria White Lowell. Marriage At this point of literary success, Maria Child became engaged to Harvard graduate and lawyer David Lee Child. Eight years her senior, David Child was the editor and publisher of the Massachusetts Journal. He was also politically engaged, serving briefly in the Massachusetts State Legislature and often speaking at local political rallies. Lydia Maria and David knew each other for three years before their engagement in 1827. While they shared middle-class backgrounds and many intellectual interests, their differences were considerable. She was frugal and he was extravagant. She was more sensual and romantic than he was. She was drawn to the aesthetic and mystical, while he was most comfortable in the world of reform and activism. Her family, aware of Davids indebtedness and reputation for poor monetary management, opposed their marriage. But Marias financial success as an author and editor allayed her own fiscal fears and, after a year of waiting, they were married in 1828. After their marriage, he drew her into his own political activity. She began to write for his newspaper. A regular theme of her columns and of childrens stories in Juvenile Miscellany was the mistreatment of Native Americans by both the New England settlers and earlier Spanish colonists. Native American Rights When President Andrew Jackson proposed moving the Cherokee Indians against their will out of Georgia, in violation of earlier treaties and government promises, David Childs Massachusetts Journal began virulently attacking Jacksons positions and actions. Lydia Maria Child, around that same time, published another novel, The First Settlers. In this book, the white main characters identified more with the Native Americans of early America than with the Puritan settlers. One notable interchange in the book holds up two women rulers as models for leadership: Queen Isabella of Spain and her contemporary, Queen Anacaona, Carib Indian ruler. Childs positive treatment of Native American religion and her vision of a multiracial democracy caused little controversy, mostly because she was able to give the book little promotion and attention after publication. Davids political writings at the Journal had resulted in many cancelled subscriptions and a libel trial against him. He ended up spending time in prison on this offense, though his conviction was later overturned by a higher court. Earning a Living Davids decreasing income led Lydia Maria Child to look to increase her own. In 1829, she published an advice book directed at the new American middle-class wife and mother: The Frugal Housewife. Unlike earlier English and American advice and cookery books, which were directed to educated and wealthy women, this book assumed as its audience a lower-income American wife. Child did not assume that her readers had servants. Her focus on plain living while saving money and time focused on the needs of a far larger audience. With increasing financial difficulties, Maria took on a teaching position and continued to write and publish the Miscellany. In 1831, she wrote and published The Mothers Book and The Little Girls Own Book, more advice books with economy tips and even games. Anti-Slavery Appeal Davids political circle, which included abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and his anti-slavery cohort, drew Child into consideration of the subject of slavery. She began to write more of her childrens stories on the subject of slavery. In 1833, after several years of study and thought about slavery, Child published a book that was a radical departure from her novels and her childrens stories. In the book, awkwardly titled An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans, she described the history of slavery in America and the present condition of those enslaved. She proposed the end of slavery, not through colonization of Africa and the return of the slaves to that continent but through the integration of ex-slaves into American society. She advocated education and racial intermarriage as some means to that multiracial republic. The Appeal had two main effects. First, it was instrumental in convincing many Americans of the need for the abolition of slavery. Those who credited Childs Appeal with their own change of mind and increased commitment included Wendell Phillips and William Ellery Channing. Second, Childs popularity with the general public plummeted, leading to the folding of Juvenile Miscellany in 1834 and reduced sales of The Frugal Housewife. She published more anti-slavery works, including an anonymously-published Authentic Anecdotes of American Slavery (1835) and the Anti-Slavery Catechism (1836). Her new attempt at an advice book, The Family Nurse (1837), was a victim of the controversy and failed. Writing and Abolitionism Undaunted, Child continued to write prolifically. She published another novel, Philothea, in 1836, Letters from New York in 1843–1845, and Flowers for Children in 1844–1847. She followed these with a book depicting fallen women, Fact and Fiction, in 1846 and The Progress of Religious Ideas (1855), influenced by Theodore Parkers transcendentalist Unitarianism. Both Maria and David became more active in the abolitionist movement. She served on the executive committee of Garrisons American Anti-Slavery Society and David helped Garrison found the New England Anti-Slavery Society. First Maria, then David, edited the National Anti-Slavery Standard from 1841 to 1844 before editorial differences with Garrison and the Anti-Slavery Society led to their resignations. David embarked on an effort to raise sugar cane, an attempt to replace slave-produced sugar cane. Lydia Maria boarded with the Quaker family of Isaac T. Hopper, an abolitionist whose biography she published in 1853. In 1857, at 55 years old, Lydia Maria Child published the inspirational collection Autumnal Leaves, apparently feeling her career coming to its close. Harpers Ferry But in 1859, after John Browns failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Lydia Maria Child plunged back into the anti-slavery arena with a series of letters that the Anti-Slavery Society published as a pamphlet. Three hundred thousand copies were distributed. In this compilation is one of Childs most memorable lines. Child responded to a letter from the wife of Virginia Senator James M. Mason that defended slavery by pointing to the kindness of Southern ladies in helping slave women give birth. Childs reply: ... here in the North, after we have helped the mothers, we do not sell the babies. Harriet Jacobs and Later Work As the war neared, Child continued to publish more anti-slavery tracts. In 1861, she edited the autobiography of ex-slave Harriet Jacobs, published as Incidents in the Life of a Slave-Girl. After the war- and slavery- ended, Lydia Maria Child followed through on her earlier proposal of education for ex-slaves by publishing, at her own expense, The Freedmens Book. The text was notable for including writings of noted African-Americans. She also wrote another novel, Romance of the Republic, about racial justice and interracial love. In 1868, Child returned to her early interest in Native Americans and published An Appeal for the Indians, proposing solutions for justice. In 1878, she published Aspirations of the World. Death Lydia Maria Child died on October 20, 1880, in Wayland, Massachusetts, on the farm she had shared with her husband David since 1852. Legacy Today, if Lydia Maria Child is remembered by name, it is usually for her Appeal. But ironically, her short doggerel poem, A Boys Thanksgiving Day, is better known than any of her other work. Few who sing or hear Over the river and through the woods... know much about the writer who was a novelist, journalist, domestic advice writer, and social reformer. One of her greatest accomplishments seems ordinary today, but it was groundbreaking: She was one of the first American women to earn a living income from her writing. In 2007, Child was inducted into the  National Womens Hall of Fame. Sources Child, Lydia Maria. An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans, edited by Carolyn L. Karcher, University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.Child, Lydia Maria. Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880, edited by Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland, University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.Karcher, Carolyn L. The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child. Duke University Press, 1998.

Policy brief for globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy brief for globalization - Research Paper Example changes triggered the increment of business transformation and IT investments.2 Irrespective of the fact that the entry of IT into the field of business operations was disruptive to workers and also businesses, it had a major influence on the two areas, and the impacts contributed to the growth of productivity, income, employment levels and a reduction in inflation levels. The institution of a more in-depth diffusion of IT in the economy of the US is likely to trigger another wave of production increment. Towards the realization of that, the producers based in the US should increase the production of hardware, as well as services and software, which will trigger a reduction in the prices of services and software.3 The outcome will be the reduction in the overall cost of accessing and employing IT systems for more businesses, which will trigger the incidence of a second productivity boom.4 Apart from increasing the production of the software, hardware and the services produced in the US, the services and the software that are imported at expensive rates can be produced locally, which will reduce the costs of the packages, taking into account that the production facilities will be closer to the customers; the products and services can also be produced with the specific specifications of businesses in American. The globalization of IT services and software will imply that some of the IT employment offered by the facilities will be transferred to overseas production centers. However, with the increasing uptake of IT services and software packages within the borders of the US, high-skill capacity for the development of IT services and software packages will be increased within the American IT sector, and the employment positions requiring the usage of these skills will become abundant throughout the American society. The conclusion of this policy brief is that the globalization of the production of IT hardware will offer the model required for the evolution of

Corrections policy paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corrections policy - Research Paper Example The policy sought to effect the probation on the nonviolent crime offenders by holding them accountable and thus provision of effective supervision. The policy has indeed seen a sharp decline in the crime rate in the whole state and more so in Houston town that was notorious for worst crime rate among the state tourneys. The policy involved the appropriation of a sizable budget into prison detention alternatives. This included provision of drug courts, intermediate sanctions, treatment of mental cases rather than imprison them and smarter incarceration (Roberts, 2009). This correction policy was effected back then in 2007 that had the state use intensive resource directly paid by the citizens of the state. The upgrading package came due to the growing concerns with the court system as well as the civil society for need to have adequate facilities in the correction system. The budget was then approved by the legislature, which they projected would be sufficient for the coming years Th e need for other alternatives in the correctional system that bore the adult correction reform, was as a response to the many alternatives and waiting lists in the corrections system. The statements by the judges and data from correction officials were vital to the implementation of this policy. The effects of the policy are without doubt beneficial to Houston residents and the state of Texas at large. Identification and evaluation The correction policy identified is the â€Å"Adult Corrections Reform: Lower Crime, Lower Costs †. The policy was established with the purpose of giving smarter alternatives to the incarnation that would lower the costs used but still hold the offenders accountable for their crimes. The policy has over the last years resulted in the expansion of alternative capacity in the corrections system in our town. The nonviolent offenders have in the process been put on probation with strict and effective supervision by the correction officials. This is con trary to the previous policies that required them to be detained in the prisons thus congesting it. At the same time this had led to increases in prison capacity that meant more costs. The policy has seen a significant reduction of crime rate in Texas and in particular our Houston town. Texas had been ranked among the states with a higher crime rate in the late 70s coming 4th in the survey done by the FBI. The policy has helped the state to record the lowest ever crime rate at 12.8% decrease between 2005 1nd 2010. The incarceration rate among the adults in the same period of time has been reduced by a significant 9%. This has marked a great milestone in the correction policy implementation. The strategies have a low crime rate enabled the state to reduce crime significantly and hence avoid building of new more prison facilities. The expense was to involve the addition of more than 17,000 new beds in the prisons across the state. The policy used $55million in probation departments ai med at reducing the revocation rate among adult offenders and increasing supervision on the sanctions applied. The policy implementation led to a decrease in the rate of revocation in the prison departments thus saving the taxpayers a massive $119 million (Legislative Budget Board, 2011). Earlier on, parole and

English final research paper - The immigration policy policy of Essay

English final research paper - The immigration policy policy of Alberta Canada - Essay Example The history of immigration in Canada encompasses well over 100 years of efforts. In the paper titled 100 years of immigration in Canada authors Boyd and Vickers state, â€Å"By 1911, immigrants represented 41% of people living in Manitoba, 50% in Saskatchewan, and 57% of those in Alberta and British Columbia†¦The 1911 Census recorded 158 immigrant males for every 100 females, compared with 103 Canadian-born males for 100 females.† (Boyd, Vickers 3) This disparity led to a new approach in immigration, one that attempted to balance the need for labour with the desire to attempt to balance the population better. It was not until 1978 that a new Immigration Act came into effect. This Act specifically promoted humanitarian approaches as opposed to purely numbers based immigration. Authors Boyd and Vickers stated, â€Å"This Act upheld the principles of admissions laid out in the regulation of the 1960’s: family reunification and economic contributions†¦The Act als o required the Minister responsible for the immigration portfolio to set annual immigration targets in consultation with the provinces.† (Boyd, Vickers 9) Throughout the long history of immigration in Canada there has been a desire for fair play resulting in a humanitarian based approach even before the recent Act was passed. Alberta has always attempted to promote a progressive outlook when approaching immigration and immigration policy. The utilization of the dispersion strategy as it was termed allowed the government to better adjust to the immigrants being invited in. By placing immigrants in locations that had need of their specific skills the government is able to balance human rights with basic need. One interesting approach is with regards to temporary workers. Temporary workers are not eligible for the same programs and services provided to other classes of immigrants. In the paper titled Nation building through cities: A new deal for immigrant settlement in Canada, a uthor Elizabeth McIsaac writes, â€Å"Temporary workers are not eligible for the programs and services provided to other classes of immigrants. They do not have access to educational opportunities, language and skills upgrading, student loans or domestic student fee schedules.† (McIsaac 3) While this may seem to be harsh it does promote the permanence of immigration over temporary worker status which further supports economic security. This allows the government to reap the benefit of additional necessary labour resources as well as reducing expenditures based in these various expenses. There is however, the coercive nature of this approach in that it does not allow the freedom to emigrate to the location of the individual’s choice. However, this is explained as being better for the whole and benefiting the individual as well. The coercive nature of this Act does cause a hesitation when looking to promote it. However, the answer here is that immigrants are asking to be come a part of Canadian and Albertan society, and as to benefit that society and themselves individually this is the best approach to dispersing the immigrants. Special considerations are made regarding family and a special effort is made to keep family together. The need to continue facilitation of immigrant mobility within the nation so as to promote a stronger internal economy as well as benefiting the in

The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay

The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay ABC Costing is a modern costing technique that is used to determine the cost of the product for the management reporting purposes. ABC Costing System is a tool that is used in decision-making process. However, it has some certain limitations. ABC Costing System is very costly to implement and maintain in a manufacturing and serving departments. Data concerning numerous activity measures must be collected, checked, and entered into the system. Which raise the labor requirement and need to be scrutinized on activity basis? ABC costing systems produces the reports that are different from the profit and loss reports produced through traditional costing systems. As most of the companies are using traditional costing systems, so because of the difference in the costing basis the costing and financial reports of the two companies of the same industry could not be compared for performance evaluation purposes. Adaptability of ABC Costing System is not suitable for all kind of companies because small companies have not many resources to adapt it and have too many activities but size of transactions is too low.   Data Produced through ABC Costing System can easily misinterpret and can lead towards wrong decisions. So manager should use the data produced through ABC Costing System with extreme care and should assign the costs that are relevant to the products, customers and should not consider the other cost objects that are irrelevant. ABC costing system does not comply with the GAAP and a company has to produce its reports for internal and external purposes by using traditional and ABC costing system both at a time. In ABC costing system costs are allocated on the base of cost drivers and activities undertaken to manufacture the product, definitely, it provides the accurate and proper allocation of the costs to the products but there is a danger of over or under costing of the products when irrelevant cost drivers or activities are assigned to the products or services produced. Q2) Please explain the differences between FIFO and Weighted Average Method in the process industry. How are units accounted for?   How are costs accounted for?   In periods of low inflation what method would make a difference? From a TAX point of view, does it make a difference? Differences in Weighted Average and FIFO Costing Systems: The main difference between FIFO and Weighted Average Costing systems is the method of calculation of the inventory and cost of goods sold in process costing system. Valuation Method: In FIFO costing method, costing department assumes that the goods that are sold earlier are the goods that are brought earlier and so on. The cost of goods sold is calculated on the base of the sequence of goods brought and sold. In Weighted Average costing method, goods are valued on the base of total goods available for sale and ignore the sequence of their arrival in inventory and sales to the customer. Formula of the cost of goods available for sale or cost of sale is as follows: Cost of total available for Sales ($) Per Unit Cost of Goods Sold = Total No. Of Units available for Sales Suitability: FIFO method can only be used where inventory can be separated easily and the cost of the inventory can be determined like computer, vehicles and other industries of the same nature. Weighted Average Method is the most commonly used method and can be applicable in all industries but the organizations engaged in those products that could not be separated like oil; Natural Gas and LPG etc use particularly weighted average costing method. In calculation of units accounted for FIFO method consider the units started and completed in the current period only and the beginning work in process units and its cost remain separate and it is considered that the opening work in process units are completed first and then new units started and completed in the same time period and units costs are calculated separately for beginning work in process units and units started in current period. While in average costing method, equivalent production is calculated and based on equivalent production the cost of unit is determined and allocated to the production. Q3) Can you explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Standard Cost system? Advantages / Benefits of Standard Costing System: Standards are the key factors that are used in management by exception approach. If costs remain within the standards, managers would be satisfied and would concentrate at routine activities but if it across the standards then it would be an alarming situation for the managers and they would try to analyze the reasons of inefficiency. Standards are the targets that have been set by the management to achieve and they compare the actual performance of the employees with the standards. Standard costs simplify the book keeping process as well by charging the standard cost to the job or product and by making the adjusting entry of the variance at the end of the period. Standard costs fit naturally in an integrated system of responsibility accounting. The standards establish what costs should be, who should be responsible for them, and what actual costs are under control. Disadvantages / Problems / Limitations of Standard Costing System: Frequency of reporting the variance is too low that make the prà ©cised and useful data useless due to its release too late when it became out of date. Labour variances consists mainly on labour quantity standards and labour efficiency variances and in both variances it is assumed that the production is highly labour intensive and the factor of machines performance is ignored. There are some cases where a favourable variance can be as bad as or worse than an unfavourable variance i.e McDonalds has a standard for hamburger meat that should be in a Big Mac. A favourable variance would mean that less meat was used than standard specifies. The result is a substandard Big Mac and possibly a unsatisfied customer. In standards costing system, meeting the standards of production and cost efficiency has more importance and other factors like quality of the products and satisfaction of the customer have been ignored. In standard costing approach, the standards are considered the final destination and improvement process become very slow or stopped. Q4) Please explain the following:   NET PRESENT VALUE CONCEPT.If the NET Present Value is   Then the PROJECT ISPositive .Acceptable since it promises a return greater than the required rate of return! Net Present Value Approach: NPV is a technique used in the management accounting for the decision-making and covered under the head of capital budgeting. In NPV approach the present value of the net inflow and outflows are compared by taking the effect of inflation and other factors influencing the value of money. The present value of the cash outflow is adjusted against the present value of the inflows resulting from the investment and multiplying with the discount factor to equate it to the present value of this future inflow. Then the results are compared with the following table. If the net present value is Then the project is Positive Acceptable since it promises a return greater than the required rate of return Zero Acceptable, since it promises a return equal to the required rate of return. Negative Not acceptable, since it promises a return less than the required rate of return Q5) Please explain a comparison of the Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of Return Methods. Which method do you like?   What are the strengths of each.   Comparison between NPV and IRR Method: In most of the conditions, Net Present Value Approach and Internal Rate of Return Method provide the same results. However, some times these present opposite results. When we compare both methods, we consider the mechanism working behind both techniques. In internal rate of return, a rate of return is calculated based on the future net income arising from the investment by using given formula: IRR = Initial Investment Net Income Then this required rate of return is compared with the required rate of return from investment, if IRR of the investment is greater than the required rate of return then the project is accepted otherwise the project is rejected. This method is much better than payback period and other old methods, because it considers the income of the projects to evaluate the project and also take account the inflows after the completion of payback period. In NPV method the present value cash outflow is matched with the present value of the cash inflows arising from the projects and if the NPV is positive then the project is accepted otherwise rejected. NPV Approach is better approach then IRR because IRR completely ignores the time value of the money and just consider the net income arising from the project whereas NPV is based on the time value of the money by considering the inflation factors. Q6) Managerial Accounting can work in many fields manufacturing and in the service industry. Provide some examples of how Managerial Accounting can work in your industry using some of the tools you learned in this course?   If in the Health Field, Could Relevant Costs be of use?   Application of Managerial Accounting: Managerial Accounting has equal application in the service and manufacturing industry as well. There are three major an aspect for which managerial accounting is widely used. Decision Making Products Pricing Performance Evaluation Decision Making: One of the most important functions of the management is to make the right and timely decisions for the development and security of the going concern status of an organization. This function is required in all kind of industries whether services or manufacturing. Managerial Accounting tools are used to provide the basis for comparison and making the accurate decisions. Product /Services Pricing: Every business has been established in order to earn some financial benefit and every business whether it deals in goods or services have to charge a price from its customers for the use of products or clients against the services provided. So managerial accounting tools and techniques would be used in order to determine the price of the goods or services to achieve the targeted profit. Performance Evaluation: Performance evaluation is required in all business areas and managerial accounting techniques would be used to evaluate the performance of a particular organization by comparing it with the same kind of industry or performance of the departments and businesses could be compared but all of these tasks are accomplished by the effective use of managerial accounting. Relevant costing techniques are used in all industries and have application in the health field as well. The price charged to the patients should be formulated by keeping the factors of relevance in mind and historical costs should be eliminated when there are surplus capacity is available.